Optical disk apparatus compatible with different types of mediums adapted for different wavelengths

ABSTRACT

A polarizing beam splitter for separating an upstream beam from a downstream beam according to the polarization of an incident beam is provided between first and second light sources emitting laser beams at respective wavelength and an objective lens. A phase plate for providing a phase difference to a beam incident on the polarizing beam splitter is provided between the polarizing beam splitter and the light sources. A portion of the laser beam incident on the polarizing beam splitter is reflected by the polarizing beam splitter and caused to be incident on a photo-detecting unit, so as to prevent an unnecessary portion of the laser beam is incident on the photo-detecting unit. According to the invention, the laser beam is used efficiently and the cost of fabricating an optical disk apparatus is reduced by eliminating a need for a gain controlling circuit in the photo-detecting unit.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/447,078,filed on Jun. 6, 2006 which is a divisional of application Ser. No.10/284,385, filed on Oct. 31, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,088,645, whichis a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/760,743 filed on Jan. 17,2001, now abandoned, which is a divisional of application Ser. No.09/112,346, filed on Jul. 9, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,195,315, whichclaims priority to Japanese Patent Application Nos. 09-206656, filedJul. 31, 1997, 09-190948, filed Jul. 16, 1997, and 09-201055, filed Jul.11, 1997, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by referencein their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to an optical disk apparatuscompatible with recording mediums (hereinafter, referred to as opticaldisks) of different base thickness and to an optical disk apparatus inwhich a laser beam is effectively used and the size of the apparatus isreduced.

3. Description of the Related Art

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the construction of an opticaldisk apparatus according to the related art. Referring to FIG. 1, alinearly-polarized laser beam emitted by a semiconductor laser 101 istransformed into a parallel beam by a collimating lens 102. Thecollimated light beam is caused to pass through a polarizing beamsplitter 103 and transformed into a circularly-polarized beam by passingthrough a λ/4 plate 104. The laser beam is then deflected by adeflecting prism 105 so as to be incident on an object lens 106. Theobjective lens 106 converges the light beam so that a laser spot of asmall diameter is formed on an optical disk 107.

The laser beam reflected by the optical disk 107 is transformed into acircularly-polarized beam polarized in a direction opposite to the beamon an upstream path incident on the optical disk 107. The reflectedlight beam is transformed into a parallel light beam by the objectivelens 106. The parallel beam is then deflected by the deflecting prism105 and passes through the λ/4 plate 104. By passing through the λ/4plate 104, the laser beam is transformed into a linearly-polarized beampolarized in a direction perpendicular to the polarizing direction ofthe laser beam on the upstream path. The linearly-polarized beam isincident on and reflected by the polarizing beam splitter 103. Thereflected light beam is converged by a converging lens 108. Theconverged beam is incident on a photosensitive element 109. An datasignal and a servo signal are retrieved based on a signal from thephotosensitive element 109.

The background of the present invention is that there is a great demandfor large-capacity optical recording. In order to meet such a demand,efforts are being made to reduce the wavelength of the laser beam.

Generally, the diameter of the laser beam spot formed on the opticaldisk 107 is proportional to the wavelength of the laser beam. Therecording capacity increases in proportion to the square of thewavelength. Accordingly, the recording capacity is increased by reducingthe wavelength of the laser beam.

However, it is to be noted that the reflectivity of the optical disk 107and the required write power for the optical disk 107 may depend largelyon the wavelength. When a laser beam of a short wavelength is used inthe optical disk 107 characterized by a large degree of dependency,reading and writing may be disabled. That is, the optical disk apparatusmay fail to be compatible with optical disks of different types.

One approach to overcome this problem is to use two laser beams, onehaving a conventional wavelength (for example, 785 nm) and the otherhaving a wavelength (for example, 650 nm) smaller than the conventionalwavelength. A simple way of implementing this approach is to provide twooptical pickups by using two laser sources emitting two laser beamshaving different wavelength and two objective lenses having respectiveoptical characteristics adapted for the different wavelength.

However, the use of two optical pickups increases the size and cost ofthe apparatus. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 6-259804 avoidsthis drawback by constructing an optical disk apparatus using a singleoptical pickup having two laser beam sources and one objective lens.

In a construction where two laser beam sources and one objective lensare provided, the quantity of light of the laser beam emitted by thelaser source is detected by an actinometer using a split laser beam.However, it is difficult to split the laser beams from the two lasersources so that the two laser beams have an equal quantity of light orto split the laser beams with predetermined ratios of quantity of lightassigned to the respective beams. For this reason, gain control shouldbe performed when the signal from the actinometer is processed. There isa problem in that provision of a gain control circuit increases the costof the apparatus.

Further, since it is difficult to control the quantity of light of thesplit beams properly, there is a problem in that it is difficult toensure that the laser beam having an appropriate quantity of light isincident on the actinometer so that the laser beams are effectivelyused.

An additional problem is that, when the upstream optical path is splitfrom the downstream optical path, the upstream optical path isperpendicular to the downstream optical path, thus making it difficultto reduce the size of the apparatus.

A description will now be given of another aspect of the related art towhich the present invention is applied.

Recently, there is a growing demand for large storage capacity in anoptical recording medium such as an optical disk. In order to increasethe storage capacity without increasing the medium itself, the diameterof a light beam spot for writing and reading of information should beincreased. Since the diameter of a light beam spot is proportional to asquare of a wavelength λ, the storage capacity is inversely proportionalto the wavelength λ. For this reason, reduction of the wavelength of alaser beam used in an optical pickup apparatus is sought. While awavelength of 785 nm is used for writing and reading of information in aconventional CD-R optical disk, a reduced wavelength of 650 nm is usedfor a DVD optical disk now available.

Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 6-259804 discloses an opticalpickup apparatus in which two types of semiconductor lasers (referred toas light sources (LD) in the specification) emitting laser beams ofdifference wavelength so that the apparatus can be used for opticalrecording mediums characterized by different operating wavelength forwriting and reading of information.

As is well known, a light beam emitted by a light source LD isdivergent, the angle of divergence being maximum in a directionperpendicular to an active layer and minimum in a direction parallelwith the active layer so that a far field pattern is elliptical in itsconfiguration.

It is preferable that a light beam spot formed on an optical recordingmedium is circular. As the light beam spot approaches an ellipticalconfiguration, the writing and reading performance becomes unfavorable.

In order to obtain a circular light beam spot, a portion of a light beamfrom the light source LD at the extremes of the major axis of a farfield pattern may be blocked before the light beam is incident on acoupling lens for coupling. In this way, a circular beam section isobtained. However, according to such a method, not a small portion ofthe light beam from the light source is blocked, resulting in an poorefficiency in using optical energy for writing and reading. Since theoptical energy required in an optical pickup apparatus for writing on anoptical recording medium is more than ten times the energy required forreading, it is preferable for a maximum portion of the light beam fromthe light source to be exploited to form a light beam spot for properinformation writing.

Merely exploiting the edge portions along the major axis of the farfield pattern results in an elliptical configuration of a light beamspot (the minor axis of the far field pattern corresponds to the majoraxis of the light beam spot). In addition to exploit the edge portionsalong the major axis of the light beam spot, a beam shaping action isperformed so that the section of the light beam approaches a circularconfiguration.

Beam shaping is implemented by a combination of two prisms or acylindrical lens. However, using prisms or a cylindrical lens mayincrease the size of the apparatus.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, a general object of the present invention is to provide anoptical disk apparatus in which the aforementioned problems areeliminated.

Another and more specific object of the present invention is provide anobject of the present invention is to provide an optical disk apparatusin which the compatibility with the existing optical disks ismaintained, the laser beam is effectively used, the construction of theapparatus is simplified, the size of the apparatus is reduced, and thecost of the apparatus is reduced.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a compactoptical pickup apparatus which can be used for two types of opticalrecording mediums characterized by difference operating wavelength forwriting and reading and in which the efficiency in using light beams isimproved and a beam is properly shaped.

The aforementioned objects can be achieved by an optical disk apparatuscomprising: two information recording mediums having different basethickness; two laser beam sources emitting respective laser beams ofdifferent wavelength commensurate with respective base thickness; anobjective lens for converging the laser beams from the two laser beamsources so as to form respective beam spots on the two informationrecording mediums; polarizing optical path separating means which,provided between the two laser beam sources and the objective lens,separates an optical path for an upstream laser beam from an optical fora downstream laser beam depending on polarization of laser beamsincident on the polarizing optical path separating means; a first phaseplate which, provided between the two laser beam sources and thepolarizing optical path separating means, provides a predetermined phasedifference to laser beams incident from the two laser beam sourcesincident on the polarizing optical path separating means; andphotosensitive means for receiving the downstream laser beam exiting thepolarizing optical path separating means.

The aforementioned objects can also be achieved by an optical pickupapparatus compatible with a first optical recording medium adapted for afirst wavelength for writing and reading and a second optical recordingmedium adapted for a second wavelength for writing and reading,comprising: a first light source emitting a first beam at the firstwavelength; a second light source emitting a second beam at the secondwavelength; a coupling lens for coupling one of the first beam and thesecond beam; an objective lens for converging the coupled beam so as toform a beam spot on a recording surface of one of the first opticalrecording medium and the second optical recording medium; optical pathseparating means for separating a return beam reflected by the opticalrecording medium and transmitted through the objective lens, from anupstream optical path leading from the light source to the objectivelens, the optical path separating means being provided in alignment withboth an upstream beam traveling to the recording surface and the returnbeam; detecting means for receiving the return beam separated by theoptical path separating means so as to retrieve information from thereturn beam, the detecting means being provided in alignment with boththe upstream beam and the return beam and including photosensitivemeans; control means for effecting focusing control and tracking controlbased on a result of detection by the detecting means, wherein the firstlight source is driven only when the first optical recording medium isused, the second light source is driven only when the second opticalrecording medium is used, the coupling lens is embodied by an anamorphiclens which provides different actions in a direction in which an angleof divergence of an incident beam is maximum and in a direction in whichthe angle of divergence is minimum, and which is provided with acollimating function for collimating one of the first beam and thesecond beam and a beam shaping function for shaping one of the firstbeam and the second beam.

The aforementioned objects can also be achieved by an optical pickupapparatus compatible with a first optical recording medium adapted for afirst wavelength for writing and reading and a second optical recordingmedium adapted for a second wavelength for writing and reading,comprising: a first light source emitting a first beam at the firstwavelength; a second light source emitting a second beam at the secondwavelength; a coupling lens for coupling one of the first beam and thesecond beam; an objective lens for converging the coupled beam so as toform a beam spot on a recording surface of one of the first opticalrecording medium and the second optical recording medium; optical pathseparating means for separating an optical path of a return beamreflected by the optical recording medium and transmitted through theobjective lens, from an upstream optical path leading from the lightsource to the objective lens, the optical path separating means beingprovided in alignment with both an upstream beam traveling to therecording surface and the return beam; detecting means for receiving thereturn beam separated by the optical path separating means so as toretrieve information from the return beam, the detecting means beingprovided in alignment with both the upstream beam and the return beamand including photosensitive means; control means for effecting focusingcontrol and tracking control based on a result of detection by thedetecting means, a beam shaping hologram element for transforming anelliptical intensity profile of the first beam and the second beam intoa circular profile, wherein the first light source is driven only whenthe first optical recording medium is used, the second light source isdriven only when the second optical recording medium is used.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other objects and further features of the present invention will beapparent from the following detailed description when read inconjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the construction of an opticaldisk apparatus according to the related art;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the construction of an opticaldisk apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows a characteristic of a polarizing beam splitter;

FIG. 4 shows a characteristic of a polarizing beam splitter opposite tothe characteristic of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a laser chip;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a construction of an optical diskapparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 shows a construction of a polarizing diffraction grating used inthe optical disk apparatus of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 shows a construction of a photosensitive element used in theoptical disk apparatus of FIG. 6;

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a construction of an optical diskapparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing a construction of an optical diskapparatus according to a first variation of the third embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing a construction of an opticalapparatus according to a second variation of the third embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing a construction of an opticalapparatus according to a third variation of the third embodiment;

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a construction of an optical diskapparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing a construction of an optical diskapparatus according to a variation of the fourth embodiment;

FIG. 15A shows an optical pickup apparatus according to a fifthembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15B shows a laser beam emitted by a light source;

FIG. 15C shows an optical performance of a coupling lens in the ydirection;

FIG. 15D shows an optical performance of the coupling lens in the xdirection;

FIGS. 16A and 16B show arrangements where a prim element is used as anoptical axis aligning means;

FIG. 16C shows a TE-mode emission;

FIG. 16D shows a TM-mode emission;

FIG. 17A shows a ½ wave plate provided at a surface of a prism element;

FIG. 17B shows a ¼ wave plate provided at a surface of a prism element;

FIG. 18A shows a prism providing a wavelength-dependent polarizationfilter performance;

FIG. 18B is a graph showing a wavelength-dependent polarization filtercharacteristic of the prism of FIG. 18A;

FIG. 18C shows another prism providing a wavelength-dependentpolarization filter performance;

FIG. 18D shows a graph showing a wavelength-dependent polarizationfilter characteristic of the prism of FIG. 18C;

FIGS. 19A and 19B show how two light sources of an optical pickupapparatus may be accommodated in the same package;

FIG. 20A a variation of the package that accommodates the light sources;

FIG. 20B shows a construction of a photosensitive means;

FIG. 21 shows a variation of the optical pickup apparatus of FIG. 15A;

FIG. 22 shows another variation of the optical pickup apparatus of FIG.15A;

FIG. 23 shows still another variation of the optical pickup apparatus ofFIG. 15A;

FIG. 24 shows yet another variation of the optical pickup apparatus ofFIG. 15A;

FIG. 25A shows a construction of a polarizing hologram;

FIG. 25B shows a construction of a photosensitive means;

FIG. 26A shows an optical pickup apparatus according to a sixthembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 26B shows a laser beam emitted by a light source;

FIG. 26C shows a beam shaping performance of a beam shaping hologramelement;

FIG. 27 shows a variation of the optical pickup apparatus of FIG. 26A;

FIG. 28 shows another variation of the optical pickup apparatus of FIG.26A;

FIG. 29A shows still another variation of the optical apparatus of FIG.26A;

FIG. 29B shows a construction of an optical path separating hologramelement;

FIG. 29C shows a construction of a photosensitive means;

FIG. 29D shows how a phase plate is provided to precede a beam shapinghologram element and face light sources;

FIG. 29E shows how a phase plate, a beam shaping hologram element, anoptical path separating hologram element and a phase plate areintegrally formed;

FIG. 30 shows yet another variation of the optical pickup apparatus ofFIG. 26A;

FIG. 31A shows light sources accommodated in the same can;

FIG. 31B shows an arrangement wherein the light sources and aphotosensitive means are accommodated in the same can;

FIG. 31C shows an arrangement wherein the light sources and aphotosensitive means are accommodated in the same can;

FIG. 32A shows an optical axis aligning means;

FIG. 32B shows another optical axis aligning means adapted for anarrangement wherein the light sources are operated in the same emissionmode;

FIG. 32C is a graph showing a wavelength-dependent polarization filtercharacteristic of a separation film of the optical axis aligning meansof FIG. 32A; and

FIG. 33 shows a construction of the optical axis aligning meansaccording to a variation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the construction of an opticaldisk apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

A first semiconductor laser 1 a and a second semiconductor laser 1 bemit respective laser beams having different wavelength. The laser beamsemitted by the first and second semiconductor lasers 1 a and 1 b aretransformed into substantially parallel beams by a collimating lens 3.The parallel laser beam is then incident on a phase plate 4 (first phaseplate) that provides a phase shift to the laser beam. The laser beamexiting the phase plate 4 is incident on a polarizing beam splitter 5(polarizing optical path separating means).

As shown in FIG. 2, the polarizing beam splitter 5 transmitssubstantially 100% of the P-polarized laser beam and reflectssubstantially 100% of the S-polarized laser beam. By using thepolarizing beam splitter having such a characteristic with respect to awide range of wavelength, the proper polarizing characteristic isobtained and a highly efficient optical system is produced for differentwavelength.

When the laser beam exiting the phase plate 4 includes S-polarizedcomponents, the S-polarized components are reflected by the polarizingbeam splitter 5 and converged by the converging lens 13. The convergedlaser beam is incident on the actinometer 14.

P-polarized components are transmitted by the polarizing beam splitter 5and incident on a λ/4 plate 6 (second phase plate). The λ/4 plate 6provides a λ/4 phase shift to the laser beam so that the laser beam istransformed into a circularly-polarized beam. The circularly-polarizedbeam is incident on a deflecting prism 7. The laser beam deflected bythe deflecting prism 7 is converged by an objective lens 8 so that asmall laser beam spot is formed on a first optical disk 9 a or a secondoptical disk 9 b.

The laser beam reflected by the first optical disk 9 a or the secondoptical disk 9 b travels on substantially the same path as the incidentlaser beam. The reflected laser beam is converged by the objective lens8 and deflected by the deflecting prism 7 before being incident on theλ/4 plate 6. The λ/4 plate 6 transforms the laser beam into aS-polarized beam polarized in a direction perpendicular to thepolarizing direction of the laser beam on the upstream path. TheS-polarized laser beam is incident on and reflected 100% by thepolarizing beam splitter 5.

The reflected laser beam is converged by a detecting lens 11 andincident on a photosensitive element 12. A data signal, a trackingsignal and a servo signal for focusing are retrieved from a signal fromthe photosensitive element 12, using a known method.

The wavelength of the laser beam emitted by the first semiconductorlaser 1 a may be 785 nm and the wavelength of the laser beam emitted bythe second semiconductor laser 1 b may be 650 nm. In the followingdescription, it is assumed that the first optical disk 9 a is alow-capacity optical disk having a relatively large base thickness of1.2 mm and the second optical disk 9 b is a large-capacity optical diskhaving a relatively small base thickness of 0.6 mm.

When a writing operation or a reading operation is performed on thefirst optical disk 9 a, the first semiconductor laser 1 a is activated.When a writing operation or a reading operation is performed on thesecond optical disk 9 b, the second semiconductor laser 1 b isactivated.

Of course, the values of the wavelength and the base thickness are givenabove as examples.

In the following description, the first semiconductor laser 1 a may bereferred to as a large-wavelength laser 1 a and the second semiconductorlaser 1 b may be referred to as a small-wavelength laser 1 b. The lasers1 a and 1 b may be inclusively referred to as a laser 1. The opticaldisk 9 a having a relatively large base thickness may be referred to asa low-density disk 9 a. The optical disk 9 b having a relatively smallbase thickness may be referred to as a high-density disk 9 b. Theoptical disks 9 a and 9 b may be inclusively referred to as an opticaldisk 9.

A detection lens 11 may be implemented by a cylindrical lens having onesurface thereof formed as a spherical surface. The astigmatism methodmay be employed to obtain a focus signal. The phase difference methodmay be employed to obtain a tracking signal.

As shown in FIG. 4, the polarizing beam splitter 5 may have an opticalcharacteristic whereby P-polarized laser beams are transmitted 100% andS-polarized laser beams are reflected 100%. When the polarizing beamsplitter 5 has such a characteristic, the phase plate 4 and the λ/4plate 6 may be accordingly controlled to produce a phase differenceadapted for the characteristic of the polarizing beam splitter 5. In thefollowing description, it is assumed that the polarizing beam splitter 5has the characteristic as shown in FIG. 3.

The phase plate 4 and the λ/4 plate 6 are assumed to have a single-plateconstruction. However, the phase plate 4 and the λ/4 plate 6 may beformed of two plates attached to each other such that the optical axesthereof are perpendicular to each other.

A description will now be given, with reference to FIG. 5, of thefunction of the phase plate 4. Generally, a semiconductor laser has alaser chip 1 c as shown. A laser beam polarized in a direction parallelwith an active layer 1 d is emitted from the active layer 1 d. Referringalso to FIG. 2, it is assumed that the active layer 1 d of the laserchip 1 c of the laser 1 lies in a downward direction on the paper.

With this construction, the laser beam incident on the polarizing beamsplitter 5 is P-polarized so that, when the laser beam is not guidedinto the actinometer 14, that is, when the laser beam from the laser 1is incident on the polarizing beam splitter 5 and transmitted thereby,it is not necessary for the phase plate 4 to produce a phase difference.

When a portion of the laser beam incident on the polarizing beamsplitter 5 is guided into the actinometer 14, that is, whenapproximately 10% of the laser beam arriving at the optical disk 9 isguided into the actinometer 14, a thickness D1 of the phase plate 4 maybe set to meet the equations 1-3 to be described later.

When approximately 10% of the laser beam arriving at the optical disk 9is caused to be incident on the actinometer 14, the optical axis of thephase plate 4 may be inclined at approximately 9° with respect to theplane of P-polarization. The S-polarized components resulting from aphase difference of λ/2 produced by the phase plate 4 may be incident onthe polarizing beam splitter.

Assuming that the laser beams from the laser 1 have wavelength λ1, λ2,the phase plate 4 has refractive indices no(λ1), no(λ2) with respect tothe ordinary rays having the wavelength λ1, λ2, the phase plate 4 hasrefractive indices ne(λ1), ne(λ2) with respect to extraordinary rayshaving the wavelength λ1, λ2, and the thickness of the phase plate isD1, phase differences δ(λ1), δ(λ2) caused by the laser beams having thewavelength λ1, λ2 passing through the phase plate 4 are such thatδ(λ1)=(2π/λ1)(no(λ1)−ne(λ1))D1  (1)δ(λ2)=(2π/λ2)(no(λ2)−ne(λ2))D2  (2)

In order to ensure that the same phase difference λ/2 is provided to thelaser beams having the wavelength λ1, λ2, the phase difference δ(λ1) andthe phase difference δ(λ2) may satisfy the following the relation.δ(λ1)=(2n+1)δ(λ2)=(2N+1)π  (3),where n=0, 1, 2, 3 . . . N=1, 2, 3 . . .

In case a large-wavelength laser 1 a has a built-in back laser beamdetector (not shown) detects the quantity of light emitted from thelarge-wavelength laser 1 a and the actinometer 14 receives approximately10% of the laser beam reaching the optical disk so as to detect thequantity of light emitted by the short-wavelength laser 1 b, thethickness D1 of the phase plate 4 is determined as described below.

The thickness D1 must be controlled so that the laser beam from thelarge-wavelength laser 1 a is not reflected by the polarizing beamsplitter 5 but is transmitted therethrough. Therefore, it is notnecessary for the phase plate 4 to provide a phase difference for thelaser beam. In the event that a phase difference is produced, the phasedifference may be an integral multiple of the wavelengthδ(λ1)=2nπ  (4)

The optical axis of the phase plate 4 should be inclined at an angle ofapproximately 9° with respect to the plane of P-polarization so that thephase difference produced by the phase plate 4 is λ/2 with respect tothe laser beam from the short-wavelength laser 1 b.δ(λ2)=(N+1)π  (5)

The thickness D1 of the phase: plate 4 may be set so that the phasedifferences δ(λ1) and δ(λ2) satisfy the equations (4) and (5).

In case a short-wavelength laser 1 b has a built-in back laser beamdetector (not shown) detects the quantity of light emitted from theshort-wavelength laser 1 b and the actinometer 14 receives approximately10% of the laser beam reaching the optical disk so as to detect thequantity of light emitted by the long-wavelength laser 1 a, thethickness D1 of the phase plate 4 is also determined as described above.

A description will now be given of an arrangement wherein the laser beamfrom the optical disk 8 is deflected by the deflecting prism 7 andincident on the polarizing beam splitter 5, substantially the entiretyof the laser beam incident on the polarizing beam splitter 5 isreflected by the polarizing beam splitter 5 before being guided to thephotosensitive element 12, that is, an arrangement wherein thepolarizing beam splitter 5 is used to separate the upstream optical pathfrom the downstream optical path.

The characteristic shown in FIG. 3 shows that, in this case, it isnecessary for the laser beam on the downstream optical path to beS-polarized. Since the laser beam on the upstream optical path leavingthe polarizing beam splitter 5 is P-polarized, it is required that aphase difference of λ/4 be produced by passing through the λ/4 plate onthe upstream path and the downstream path. That is, a phase differenceof λ/4 should be produced by passing through the λ/4 plate once.

The thickness D2 of the λ/4 plate 6 that satisfies such a condition isdetermined as follows. Given that the refractive indices provided by theλ/4 plate 6 to the ordinary rays having the wavelength λ1 and λ2 areindicated by No(1) and No(2), the refractive indices provided to theextraordinary rays are indicated by Ne(1) and Ne(2), phase differencesδ(λ1) and δ(λ2) provided to the laser beams having the wavelength λ1 andλ2 are such thatδ(λ1)=(2π/λ1)(No(λ1)−Ne(λ1))D2  (6)δ(λ2)=(2π/λ2)(No(λ2)−Ne(λ2))D2  (7)The thickness D2 of the λ/4 plate 6 may be determined so that thefollowing relation is valid.δ(λ1)=(2n+1)δ(λ2)=(2N+1)(π/2)  (8)where n=0, 1, 2, 3 . . . , N=1, 2, 3 . . .

As has been described above, by setting the thickness of the λ/4 plate 6so as to meet the purpose, a desired phase difference is provided to thelaser beams of difference wavelength. With this, the laser beam of adesired quantity of light can be retrieved by separation at thepolarizing beam splitter 5.

Since the quantity of split laser beam received by the actinometer 14has a desired level, there is no need to perform gain control.Accordingly, the necessity for a gain controlling circuit is eliminated.Since the split laser beam has a sufficient quantity of light, the laserbeam can be effectively used and the flexibility in designing theoptical system is facilitated.

By providing a λ/4 plate producing a λ/4 phase difference to the beamshaving different wavelength, it is ensured that, for differentwavelength, the polarization of the upstream laser beams isperpendicular to that of the downstream laser beams. Thus, thepolarizing beam splitter 5 can perform efficient separation of theupstream optical path from the downstream optical path so that theefficiency in using the laser beam is improved.

The phase plate 4 and the λ/4 plate 6 may be integral with thepolarizing beam splitter 5. In such a case, the number of parts can bereduced so that the size and cost of the apparatus are reduced.

The phase plate 4 and the λ/4 plate 6 may be formed as a vapor-depositedfilm providing a phase difference and having an appropriate thickness.According to this approach, there is no need to use a high-costbirefringent crystal to implement these parts, thus contributing greatlyto reduction in size and cost of the apparatus.

The vapor-deposited film may be formed of Ta₂O₅, SnO₂ or the like.

A description will be given of the appropriate thickness mentionedabove. For example, the wavelength may be such that λ=650 nm and thephase plate 4 is to have a thickness of λ/4, that is, 162.5 nm. It isvery difficult to form such a thin plate using the slicing technologyand to assemble such a plate into the apparatus. For this reason,conventionally, the phase plate is formed to have a thickness of λ/4+kλ(where k indicates an integral). The same phase difference is producedas when the plate has a thickness of λ/4. Since the cutting andassembling processes are not necessary, the vapor-deposited phase filmmay have a thickness as small as 162.5 nm=λ/4.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the construction of an opticaldisk apparatus according to a second embodiment of the presentinvention. In the second embodiment, a polarizing diffraction grating 15is used in place of the polarizing beam splitter 5 of FIG. 2. The phaseplate 4 and the λ/4 plate 6 are formed to be integral with thepolarizing diffraction grating 15. Of course, the phase plate 4 and theλ/4 plate 6 may not be formed to be integral with the polarizingdiffraction grating 15. However, the integral construction provides theaforementioned advantages.

The polarizing diffraction grating 15 is provided with grating slits 15a. Depending on the state of polarization of the laser beam incident onthe polarizing diffraction grating 15, the laser beam may be transmittedor diffracted.

The polarizing diffraction grating 15 may be a LiNbO₃ polarizinghologram in which grating slits are formed. The grating slits may beformed as having a small pitch (for example, ½ of the wavelength) and arelatively large depth (Hideo Maeda “High-density dual grating formagneto-optic head”, Optics Vol. 20, No. 8, pp. 36, August 1991). In thedescription of the second embodiment, it is assumed that the polarizingdiffraction grating 15 is implemented by a LiNbO₃ provided with gratingslits.

Polarized components of the laser beam from the laser 1 travels in adirection parallel with the grating slits 15 a of the polarizingdiffraction grating 15 (that is, in a rightward direction in FIG. 6).Polarized components produced by the phase plate 4 and polarized in adirection perpendicular to the grating slits 15 a (that is, polarized ina vertical direction on the plane of paper) are incident on theactinometer 14 after diffraction.

Polarized components polarized in a direction parallel with the gratingslits 15 a (that is, in a direction perpendicular to the plane of paper)are transmitted through the polarizing diffraction grating 15 andtransformed into circularly-polarized beam for irradiating the opticaldisk 9.

The laser beam reflected by the low-density disk 9 a is transmitted bythe λ/4 plate 6 into a beam polarized in a direction perpendicular tothe grating slits 15 a so that the beam is diffracted by the polarizingdiffraction grating 15. The diffracted beam is converged by acollimating lens 3 and received by the photosensitive element 12 so thata data signal and a servo signal are retrieved.

The polarizing diffraction grating 15 may be formed as a segmentedelement as shown in FIG. 7. The photosensitive element 12 may be formedas a segmented element as shown in FIG. 8. FIGS. 7 and 8 are providedonly for an illustrative purpose and the present invention is notlimited to the arrangement as shown.

The polarizing diffraction grating 15 shown in FIG. 7 includes threesegments A, B and C. The laser beam is diffracted in a direction definedby the grating slits 15 a formed in each of the segments A, B and C. Thephotosensitive element 12 may include four segments E, F, G and H, asshown in FIG. 8.

The laser beam diffracted in the segment A of FIG. 7 is controlled to beincident on an area between the segment E and the segment F of thephotosensitive element 12. The knife edge method is employed to retrievethe focus signal Fc from a difference between photoelectric signals fromthe segment E and from the segment F.

The laser beam diffracted in the segments B and C are incident on thesegments G and H of the photosensitive element 12. A track signal Tr isretrieved from a difference between photoelectric signals from thesegment G and from the segment H.

The data signal is retrieved from a sum (or a portion of a sum) of thephotoelectric signals from the segments E, F, G and H.

Thus, since the upstream optical path and the downstream optical are notperpendicular to each other after the optical path separation by thepolarizing diffraction grating 15, the size of the apparatus is reduced.

By segmenting the polarizing diffraction grating for servo signaldetection, optical elements conventionally required for servo signalgeneration such as a cylindrical lens and a knife edge prism are nolonger necessary. Thus, the cost of the apparatus and the number ofparts constituting the same are reduced.

A description will now be given of an optical disk apparatus accordingto a third embodiment of the present invention. Those components thatare identical to the corresponding components in the first and secondembodiments are designated by the same reference numerals and thedescription thereof is omitted.

In the first and second embodiments, the photosensitive means as claimedis implemented by a single photosensitive element 12 so that the laserbeam reflected by the low-density disk 9 a and the high-density 9 b isreceived by the photosensitive element 12.

In an alternative arrangement, two photosensitive elements 17 and 18 maybe employed instead of the photosensitive element 12. The photosensitiveelement 17 is exclusively used to detect the servo signal for thelow-density disk 9 a and the photosensitive element 18 is exclusivelyused to detect the servo signal for the high-density disk 9 b. Withthis, the photosensitive elements 17 and 18 are easily controlled andhigh-quality signals are obtained.

While FIGS. 9-11 show examples of the above arrangement applied to thefirst embodiment, the construction with two photosensitive elements mayalso be applied to the second embodiment.

Laser beam splitters 16 and 19 shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, respectively,split the incident laser beams irrespective of the wavelength. That is,the laser beam splitters 16 and 19 split the laser beams reflected bythe low-density disk 9 a and by the high-density disk 9 b so as to allowthe split beams to be incident on the photosensitive element 17 and thephotosensitive element 18. Laser beam splitters 21 and 22 shown in FIGS.11 and 12, respectively, change the optical path of the incident laserbeam and cause the exiting laser beam to enter the photosensitiveelement 17 or the photosensitive element 18 depending on whether theincident laser beam is reflected by the low-density disk 9 a or by thehigh-density disk 9 b.

Referring to FIG. 9, a half mirror 16 (laser beam splitting means) isprovided in an optical path between the detecting lens 11 and thephotosensitive elements 17 and 18 so that the laser beam from thedetecting lens 11 is split into two beams by the half mirror 16, one ofthe beams entering the photosensitive element 17 and the other enteringthe photosensitive element 18.

When the laser beam from the large-wavelength laser 1 a is used to writeto and read from the low-density disk 9 a, the photoelectric signal fromthe photosensitive element 17 is used to retrieve the servo signal andthe data signal. When the laser beam from the small-wavelength laser 1 bis used to write to and read from the high-density disk 9 b, thephotoelectric signal from the photosensitive element 18 is used retrievethe servo signal and the data signal.

Referring to FIG. 10, a diffraction grating 19 (laser beam splittingmeans) is provided in an optical between the detecting lens 11 and thephotosensitive elements 17 and 18 so that the laser beam from thedetecting lens is split into two beams, one of the beams entering thephotosensitive element 17 and the other entering the photosensitiveelement 18.

When the laser beam from the large-wavelength laser 1 a is used to writeto and read from the low-density disk 9 a, the photoelectric signal fromthe photosensitive element 17 is used to retrieve the servo signal andthe data signal. When the laser beam from the small-wavelength laser 1 bis used to write to and read from the high-density disk 9 b, thephotoelectric signal from the photosensitive element 18 is used retrievethe servo signal and the data signal.

Referring to FIG. 11, a phase plate 20 (third phase plate) and the laserbeam splitter 21 such as a polarizing beam splitter (laser beamsplitting means) is provided in an optical path between the detectinglens 11 and the photosensitive elements 17 and 18.

The phase plate 20 produces a phase difference which is an integralmultiple of the wavelength in the laser beam from the large-wavelengthlaser 1 a, and produces a phase difference of approximately λ/2 in thelaser beam from the small-wavelength laser 1 b. The laser beam exitingthe phase plate 20 is then incident on the laser beam splitter 21 foroptical path separation.

The laser beam from the large-wavelength laser 1 a reflected by thelow-density disk 9 a is transmitted by the phase plate 20 into anS-polarized beam and incident on the laser beam splitter 21 so as to bereflected substantially 100% by the laser beam splitter 21 beforeentering the photosensitive element 17. The laser beam from thesmall-wavelength laser 1 b is transformed by the phase plate 20 into aP-polarized beam and incident on the laser beam splitter 21 so as to betransmitted substantially 100% through the laser beam splitter 21 beforeentering the photosensitive element 18.

When the laser beam from the larger-wavelength laser 1 a is used towrite to and read from the low-density disk 9 a, the servo signal andthe data signal are retrieved based on the output from thephotosensitive element 17. When the laser from the small-length laser 1b is used to write to and read from the high-density disk 9 b, the servosignal and the data signal are retrieved based on the output from thephotosensitive element 18.

Referring to FIG. 12, the phase plate 20 (third phase element) and thepolarizing diffraction grating 22 are provided in an optical pathbetween the detecting lens 11 and the photosensitive elements 17 and 18.The phase plate 20 produces a phase difference which is an integralmultiple of the wavelength in the laser beam from the large-wavelengthlaser 1 a, and produces a phase difference of approximately λ/2 in thelaser beam from the small-wavelength laser 1 b. The laser beam exitingthe phase plate 20 is then incident on the polarizing diffractiongrating 22 and then on the photosensitive element 17 or thephotosensitive element 18. The polarizing diffraction grating 22 mayhave the same construction as the polarizing diffraction grating 15.

The phase plate 20 causes the laser beam from the large-wavelength laser1 a to be polarized in a direction perpendicular to grating slits 22 aof the polarizing diffraction grating 22 (that is, polarized in ahorizontal direction on the plane of paper). The laser beam thuspolarized is diffracted by the polarizing diffraction grating 22 so asto be incident on the photosensitive element 17.

The phase plate 20 causes the laser beam from the small-wavelength laser1 b to change its direction of polarization by 90 degrees so as to bepolarized in a direction parallel with the grating slits 22 a of thepolarizing diffraction grating 22 (that is, polarized in a directionperpendicular to the plane of paper). The laser beam thus polarized istransmitted through the polarizing diffraction grating 22 so as to beincident on the photosensitive element 18.

When the laser beam from the large-wavelength laser 1 a is used to writeto and read from the low-density disk 9 a, the photoelectric signal fromthe photosensitive element 17 is used to retrieve the servo signal andthe data signal. When the laser beam from the small-wavelength laser 1 bis used to write to and read from the high-density disk 9 b, thephotoelectric signal from the photosensitive element 18 is used retrievethe servo signal and the data signal.

By using the diffraction grating 19 and the polarizing diffractiongrating 22 as laser beam splitting means, the angle between split laserbeams is controlled to be small so that the size of the apparatus isreduced.

By using the phase plate 20 so as to ensure that the two beams incidenton the polarizing beam splitter 21 or the polarizing diffraction grating22 are polarized in respective directions perpendicular to each other,it is ensured that the laser beams having different wavelength arecompletely separated from each other so as to be received by therespective photosensitive elements 17 and 18. Therefore, the efficiencyin using the laser beam is improved and the data signal and the servosignal having a high S/N ratio are retrieved.

A description will now be given of an optical disk apparatus accordingto a fourth embodiment of the present invention. Those components thatare identical to the corresponding components of the first through thirdembodiments are designated by the same reference numerals and thedescription thereof is omitted.

In the above description, it is assumed that the large-wavelength laser1 a and the short-wavelength laser 1 b are formed to be independent ofeach other. However, as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, a laser unit havingtwo lasers accommodated in a case may also be used.

FIGS. 13 and 14 show how such a laser unit is applied to the secondembodiment. Of course, such a laser unit may also be applied to thefirst embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 13, the laser unit is provided with two laser chips 23a and 23 b as shown in FIG. 5 and the photosensitive element 12. Thelaser chips 23 a and 23 b emits laser beams having the same wavelengthas that of the laser 1. That is, the laser chip 23 a emits a laser beamhaving a wavelength of 635 nm and the laser chip 23 b emits a laser beamhaving a wavelength of 785 nm.

The direction of polarization of the laser beam at the wavelength of 635nm is controlled to be perpendicular to an active layer of the laserchip 23 a (TM mode in FIG. 5). The direction of polarization of thelaser beam at the wavelength of 785 nm is parallel with an active layerof the laser chip 23 b (TE mode in FIG. 5).

It is necessary for the direction of polarization of the laser beamincident on the polarizing diffraction grating 15 to be parallel withthe grating slits 15 a (that is, perpendicular to the surface of paperin FIG. 12). For example, the active layers of the laser chips 23 a and23 b may be orientated in directions perpendicular to each other.Alternatively, the thickness of the phase plate 4 may be controlled soas to produce a phase difference which is an integral multiple of thewavelength in one of the laser beams having a first wavelength andproduce a phase difference of λ/2 in the other laser beam having asecond wavelength.

As shown in FIG. 14, the phase plate 4, the polarizing diffractiongrating 15 and the λ/4 plate 6 may be integral with each other.Alternatively, these elements may be provided at a laser beam emittingwindow of the laser unit 23.

By using such a laser unit, the number of parts is reduced and the sizeof the apparatus is reduced. In addition, the number of processesrequired to assemble the optical system is reduced so that the cost isreduced accordingly.

By forming the components to be integral with each other, reliabilitywith respect to a variation in temperature and humidity and a variationwith time is improved.

By arranging the laser chips 23 a and 23 b, emitting laser beams atright angles to each other in direction of polarization, such that theactive layers thereof are perpendicular to each other, it is ensuredthat the laser beams incident on the polarizing diffraction grating 15via the phase plate 4 are identically polarized. Thus, the efficiency inusing the upstream and downstream laser beams is improved.

In case the laser chips 23 a and 23 b, emitting laser beams at rightangles to each other in direction of polarization, such that the activelayers thereof are parallel with each other, the phase plate 4 isprovided such that a phase difference which is an integral multiple ofthe wavelength is provided to one of the laser beams and a phasedifference which is approximately ½ of the wavelength is provided to theother laser beams. In this way, it is ensured that the laser beamsincident on the polarizing diffraction grating 15 are identicallypolarized so that the efficiency in using the upstream and downstreamlaser beams is improved.

FIG. 15A shows an optical pickup apparatus according to a fifthembodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 15A, the opticalpickup apparatus comprises a first light source (LD) 201 and a secondlight source (LD) 202. The first light source 201 is a semiconductorlaser emitting a laser beam at a wavelength of 785 nm and the secondlight source 202 is also a semiconductor laser emitting a laser beam ata wavelength of 650 nm. The wavelength varies from laser to laser andalso varies with temperature so that the actual wavelength may bevariable by ±20 nm around the aforementioned wavelength.

The optical pickup apparatus further comprises a low-capacity opticaldisk 208A having a base thickness of 1.2 mm and a high-capacity opticaldisk 208B having a base thickness of 0.6 mm. For the purpose ofdescription, the low-capacity optical disk 208A and the high-capacityoptical disk 208B are illustrated to overlap each other.

The first light source 201 is driven when a writing operation or areading operation is performed in the low-capacity optical disk 208A. Alaser beam from the light source 201 is transmitted through a couplinglens 203, a polarizing beam splitter 204 and a phase plate 205. Thelaser beam is then reflected by a polarizing prism 206 and incident onan objective lens 207. The objective lens 207 converges the incidentbeam. The converged beam is transmitted through the base of thelow-capacity optical disk 208A so as to form a beam spot on a recordingsurface. The beam reflected by the recording surface is transmittedthrough the objective lens 207 and proceeds as a return beam. The returnbeam is reflected by the polarizing prism 206, transmitted through thephase plate 205, reflected by the polarizing beam splitter 204,transmitted through a converging lens 209 and a cylindrical lens 210,and incident on a photosensitive means 211.

The light source 202 is driven when a writing operation or a readingoperation is performed in the high-capacity optical disk 208B. A laserbeam emitted by the light source 202 is transmitted through the couplinglens 203, the polarizing beam splitter 204 and the phase plate 205. Thelaser beam is then reflected by the polarizing prism 206 and incident onthe objective lens 207. The objective lens 207 converges the incidentbeam. The converged beam is transmitted through the base of thelow-capacity optical disk 208B so as to form a beam spot on a recordingsurface. The beam reflected by the recording surface is transmittedthrough the objective lens 207 and proceeds as a return beam. The returnbeam is reflected by the polarizing prism 6, transmitted through thephase plate 205, reflected by the polarizing beam splitter 204,transmitted through the converging lens 209 and the cylindrical lens210, and incident on a photosensitive means 211.

The laser beam emitted by the light sources 201 and 202 is polarized ina direction parallel with the surface of paper. In an upstream opticalpath leading from the light source to an optical disk, the laser beam istransmitted through the polarizing beam splitter 204 as a P-polarizedbeam. The phase plate 205 is constructed such that a vapor is depositedon a transmitting glass base to form a film thereon. The vapor-depositedfilm operates as a ¼ wave plate with respect to the laser beam from thelight sources 201 and 202. Accordingly, the laser beam exiting the lightsource and transmitted through the phase plate 205 is transformed from alinearly-polarized beam into a circularly-polarized beam. The returnbeam from the recording surface of the optical disk is acircularly-polarized beam having a direction of traverse opposite tothat of an upstream beam. The return beam exiting the phase plate 205 istransformed into a linearly-polarized beam having a plane ofpolarization perpendicular to that of the upstream beam. The return beamexiting the phase plate 205 is reflected by the polarizing beam splitter204 as an S-polarized beam. That is, the polarizing beam splitter 204and the phase plate 205 constitute optical path separating means.

The return beam reflected by the polarizing beam splitter 204 isconverged by the converging lens 209 and supplied by the cylindricallens 210 with astigmatism before entering the photosensitive means 211.In the photosensitive means 211, a focus error signal is produced by aknown method based on astigmatism and a tracking error signal isproduced by a known method based on a phase difference. A controllingmeans (such as a microcomputer or a CPU not shown) performs focusingcontrol and tracking control based on the focus error signal and thetracking error signal, respectively. The photosensitive means 211 alsooutputs a readout signal.

The converging lens 209, the cylindrical lens 210 and the photosensitivemeans 211 constitute detecting means. A single lens having a convexspherical surface and a convex cylindrical surface may be used toreplace the converging lens 209 and the cylindrical lens 210. Thefocusing control may alternatively performed using a known knife edgemethod or the like instead of the astigmatism method. The trackingcontrol may alternatively performed using a push-pull method or anotherappropriate known method. The detecting means may appropriatelyconstructed depending on which of these methods are employed to performthe focusing control and the tracking control.

In the construction shown in FIG. 15A, the optical axis of the lightsource 202 is aligned with the optical axis (referred to as a systemaxis) of the optical system including the coupling lens 203 and thelike. However, the optical axis of the light source 201 is displacedfrom the system axis. For this reason, the location of the return beamincident on the photosensitive means 211 varies depending on which ofthe light sources 201 and 202 is driven. A set of photosensitive means211 may be provided for each of the return beam. Alternatively, thelocation of the photosensitive means 211 is controlled depending onwhich of the light sources 201 and 202 is driven so that the return beamis incident on a proper location on the photosensitive means 211.Alternatively, an offset commensurate with the displacement of thelocation of incidence of the return beam may be provided to the focuserror signal and the tracking error signal.

A description will now be given of collimating and beam shaping actionsperformed by the coupling lens 203. FIG. 15B shows a laser beam emittedby the light source (the light source 201 or the light source 202). Thelaser beam emitted by the light source is divergent. The angle ofdivergence is maximum in the y direction (that is, the direction of themajor axis of a far field pattern (the elliptical shape in FIG. 15B))which is perpendicular to the active layer and is minimum in the xdirection (that is, the direction of the minor axis of the far fieldpattern). The ratio between the minimum angle of divergence and themaximum angle of divergence is determined by the type of the lightsource and resides in a range of 1:2-1:4.

The coupling lens 203 is a single lens that provides a collimatingaction for transforming the laser beam from the light source 201 or thelight source 202 into a substantially parallel beam and provides a beamshaping action for expanding the diameter of the beam diameter in thedirection of the minimum angle of divergence so as to approximate thesection of the beam to a circular configuration.

That is, the coupling lens 203 is an anamorphic lens optically operatingdifferently in the x direction and in the y direction.

FIG. 15C shows an optical performance of the coupling lens 203 in the ydirection. The laser beam from the light source 202 has a relativelylarge angle of divergence in the y direction. The coupling lens 203provides a simple collimating action in the y direction to the incidentdivergent beam so as to transform the incident beam into a substantiallyparallel beam having a diameter of Dy.

FIG. 15D shows an optical performance of the coupling lens 203 in the xdirection. The laser beam from the light source 202 has a relativelysmall angle of divergence in the x direction. The coupling lens 203expands the angle of divergence in the x direction by refraction at thesurface of incidence. At the exit surface, the beam is collimated into aparallel beam having a diameter of Dx. The optical performance in the xdirection is controlled so that the diameter Dy is approximately equalto Dx. That is, the beam coupled by the coupling lens 203 issimultaneously shaped-such that Dx≈Dy. While FIGS. 15C and 15D show thelight source 202, the description above applies to the beam from thelight source 201 as well.

Since the coupling lens 203 provides collimating and beam shapingactions, it is not necessary to use an optical element such a pair ofprisms or a cylindrical lens exclusively used for beam shaping. Thus, acompact optical pickup apparatus can be produced.

Chromatic aberration produced in the coupling lens 203 due to adifference in wavelength of the beams from the light sources 201 and 202does not pose a serious problem in practical applications. Of course,the coupling lens 203 may be formed as a junction lens formed by twolenses having different Abbe's number in order to correct the chromaticaberration. The coupling lens 203 may alternatively have an asphericalsurface such that the collimating performance and the beam shapingperformance are optimized for the wavelength of the beam emitted by thelight source.

In the construction of FIG. 15A, the optical axis of the light source202 is aligned with the system axis and the optical axis of the lightsource 201 is not aligned with the system axis. This requires that anoffset be provided to retrieved signals depending on whether the lightsource 201 or the light source 202 is driven or that a photosensitiveunit be provided for each of the return beams. Such arrangements may beeliminated by providing an optical axis aligning means for aligning theoptical axis of both the light source 201 and the light source 202 withthe system axis.

FIGS. 16A-16D show an optical pickup apparatus according to a variationof the fifth embodiment.

FIG. 16A shows an arrangement where a prim element 212 is used as theoptical axis aligning means. The prism element 212 selectively reflectsor transmits an incident beam depending on the polarization thereof.More specifically, a film 1121 formed in the prism element 212 reflectsan S-polarized beam and transmits a P-polarized beam.

The laser beam from the light source 201 is a P-polarized beam so thatit is transmitted through the film 1121. The laser beam from the lightsource 202 is an S-polarized beam so that it is reflected by the film1121. The arrangement of the light sources 201, 202, the prism element212 and the coupling lens 203 is defined such that both the beamtransmitted through the film 1121 and the beam reflected by the film1121 have optical axes thereof (rays having an angle of divergence of 0)aligned with the optical axis of the coupling lens 203.

FIG. 16B shows an arrangement where a prism element 213 is used as theoptical axis aligning means. The prism element 213 also selectivelyreflects or transmits an incident beam depending on the polarizationthereof. More specifically, a film 1132 formed in the prism element 213reflects an S-polarized beam and transmits a P-polarized beam. A slantedsurface 1131 operates as a reflecting surface.

The laser beam from the light source 201 is P-polarized so that it isreflected by the slanted surface 1131 and transmitted through the film1132. The laser beam from the light source 202 is S-polarized so that itis reflected by the film 1132. The arrangement of the light sources 201,202, the prism element 213 and the coupling lens 203 is defined suchthat both the beam transmitted through the film 1132 and the beamreflected by the film 1132 have optical axes thereof (rays having anangle of divergence of 0) aligned with the optical axis of the couplinglens 203.

In the construction shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B, it is assumed that thetwo beams incident on the film 1121 or the film 113 are polarized inrespective directions that are at right angles to each other.

The laser beam emitted by a semiconductor laser embodying the lightsource 201 or the light source 202 is substantially linearly polarizedwhere the direction of polarization is parallel with the active layer(the x direction in FIG. 15B). Such a laser oscillation is referred toas a TE-mode emission in which the direction of oscillation of theelectric (E) field of the laser beam is parallel with the active layer.FIG. 16C shows that the light source 201 produces a TE-mode emission.

In order for the construction of FIGS. 16A and 16B to be viable, thelight source 201 is to be arranged such that the laser beam emittedtherefrom is P-polarized with respect to the films 1121 and 1132.Assuming that the light source 202 also produces TE-mode emission, thelight source 202 is to be arranged in the construction of FIGS. 16A and16B such that the laser beam emitted therefrom is S-polarized withrespect to the films 1121 and 1132.

However, with the above-described arrangement, the beams incident on thecoupling lens 203 is such that the major axis of the far field patternof the beam from the light source 201 is perpendicular to that of thebeam from the light source 202. Since the coupling lens 203 is ananamorphic lens, the two beams fail to be processed identically by thecoupling lens 202.

Accordingly, the light source 202 is constructed so as to produce aTM-mode emission.

FIG. 16D shows that the light source 202 produces a TM-mode emission. Inthe TM-mode emission, the direction of polarization (the direction ofoscillation of the electric field E) of the emitted laser beam isparallel with a direction perpendicular to the direction in which theactive layer lies. The name TM-mode emission derives from the fact thatthe direction of oscillation of the magnetic (M) field of the emittedlaser beam is parallel with the active layer. A light source with awavelength of 635 nm is known to produce a TM-mode emission. When thelight source 202 is embodied by such a light source, the high-capacityoptical recording medium 8B is constructed to be adapted for thewavelength of 635 nm.

By using a light source producing a TE-mode emission as the light source201 and a light source producing a TM-mode emission as the light source202, it is ensured that the laser beams from the light sources 201 and202 are polarized in respective directions that are perpendicular toeach other and the respective directions of the major axis of therespective far field patterns are parallel with each other. Of course,the modes of emission may be reversed such that the light source 201produces a TM-mode emission a TE-mode emission and the light source 202produces a TE-mode emission.

In the optical pickup apparatus of FIGS. 16A and 16B, the optical systemincluding the coupling lens 203 and the like is the same as that of FIG.15A. However, since the optical axis of the laser beams of the lightsources 201 and 202 is aligned with the optical axis of the couplinglens 203, the location of the incidence on the photosensitive means 211remains unchanged for both return beams.

When the prism element with a variable transmissivity or reflectivitywith respect to an incident beam that depends on the polarizationthereof is used to implement the optical axis aligning means and whenthe light sources 201 and 202 provide the same emission mode, a phaseplate may be introduced so as to rotate the plane of polarization of thelaser beam from one of the light sources by 90 degrees so that thedirections of the major axis of the respective far field patterns areparallel with each other.

A known ½ wave plate provides such an action.

For example, as shown in FIG. 17A, a ½ wave plate 214 a (the phaseplate) may be provided at the surface of the prism element 212 of FIG.16A facing the light source 201. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 17B, a¼ wave plate 214 b may be provided at the surface of the prism element213 of FIG. 16B on which the laser beam from the light source 201 isincident. With this arrangement, it is possible to use the same emissionmode in the light sources 201 and 202.

While the optical axis aligning means shown in FIGS. 16A-17B isimplemented by a prism element with a variable transmissivity orreflectivity with respect to an incident beam that depends on thepolarization thereof, elements other than those using polarization maybe used to implement the optical axis aligning means.

The prism elements 212 and 213 of FIGS. 16A and 16B, respectively, maybe implemented by a prism element with a variable transmissivity orreflectivity with respect to an incident beam that depends on thewavelength thereof. A well-known dichroic filter transmits a beam in aspecific wavelength region and reflects a beam outside that wavelengthregion.

The film 1121 of the prism element 212 of FIG. 16A or the film 1132 ofthe prism element 213 of FIG. 16B may be formed as a dichroic filmcapable of transmitting the laser beam from the light source 201(wavelength: 785 nm) and reflecting the laser beam from the light source202 (wavelength: 650 nm). With this arrangement, both the light sources201 and 202 may provide the TE-mode emission so that the directions ofpolarization of the beams are parallel with each other and thedirections of the major axis of the respective far field patterns arealso parallel with each other.

The optical axis aligning means may also be implemented by a prismcharacterized by a beam separation performance that depends onpolarization and wavelength.

FIGS. 18A and 18B show such prisms. A film 1121′ of a prism element212A′ shown in FIG. 18A has a wavelength-dependent polarization filtercharacteristic as shown in FIG. 18B. Transmissivity with respect toS-polarization and P-polarization varies with wavelength as indicated bythe graph.

Since the wavelength of the laser beam from the light source 201 is 785nm, the laser beam from the light source 201 is reflected by the film1121′ irrespective of whether the beam is S-polarized or P-polarized.The laser beam from the light source 202 has a wavelength of 650 nm sothat it is transmitted through the film 1121′ if P-polarized. Byarranging the light sources 201 and 202 to be operated in the sameemission mode and ensuring that a P-polarized beam is incident on thefilm 1121′ as shown in FIG. 18A, a desirable optical axis alignment isachieved.

A film 1132′ of a prism element 213′ shown in FIG. 18C having areflecting surface 1131′ has a wavelength-dependent polarization filtercharacteristic as shown in FIG. 18D. Transmissivity with respect toS-polarization and P-polarization varies with wavelength as indicated bythe graph. Since the wavelength of the laser beam from the light source201 is 785 nm, the laser beam from the light source 201 is reflected bythe film 1132′ when it is S-polarized. The laser beam from the lightsource 202 has a wavelength of 650 nm so that it is transmitted throughthe film 1132′ irrespective of the polarization.

By arranging the light sources 201 and 202 to be operated in the sameemission mode and providing S-polarization to the beam incident on thefilm 1132′ as shown in FIG. 18C, a desired optical axis alignment isachieved. The film 1121′ may have a characteristic as shown in FIG. 18Band the film 1132′ may have a characteristic as shown in FIG. 18D.

FIGS. 19A and 19B show how two light sources of an optical pickupapparatus may be accommodated in the same package. FIG. 19A shows anarrangement where the light sources 201 and 202 are accommodated in thesame package PC. The optical system including the coupling lens 203 andthe like that serves the optical recording medium, the optical pathseparating means and the detecting means are not illustrated but aresimilarly constructed as shown in FIG. 15A.

FIG. 19B shows an arrangement where the light sources 201 and 202 areaccommodated in the same package PC′ and the prism element 212 describedas the optical axis aligning means with reference to FIG. 16A is used toalign the optical axes of the laser beams from the light sources 201 and202. The optical system including the coupling lens 203 and subsequentelements are arranged similarly as shown in FIG. 15A. Since the opticalaxes of the laser beams from the light sources are aligned to eachother, the return beams are incident on the same location of thephotosensitive means.

Of course, the construction of FIG. 19B may be varied so as to includeany of the optical axis aligning means as described with reference toFIGS. 16B, 17A, 17B and 18A-18D.

FIGS. 20A and 20B show a variation of the package that accommodates thelight sources 201 and 202.

Referring to FIG. 20A, a package PK includes the light sources 201, 202,a prism element 250 that serves as the optical axis aligning means, aphase plate 205A and a photosensitive means 1110 (detecting means). Itis assumed that the light sources 201 and 202 both provide the TE-modeemission, the light source 201 emitting a laser beam at a wavelength of785 nm and the light source 202 emitting a laser beam at a wavelength of650 nm. The prism 250 includes films 251 and 252. The film 251 is apolarization-dependent reflecting film for reflecting an S-polarizedbeam and transmitting a P-polarized beam. The film 252 has awavelength-dependent polarization filter characteristic as shown in FIG.18D. The light sources 201 and 202 emit S-polarized laser beams to thefilms 252 and 251, respectively.

When the light source 202 is driven, the S-polarized laser beam at thewavelength of 650 nm is reflected by the film 251, transmitted throughthe film 251 and incident on the coupling lens 203 via the phase plate205A. When the light source 201 is driven, the S-polarized laser beam atthe wavelength of 785 nm is reflected by the film 252 and incident onthe coupling lens 203 via the phase plate 205A.

The phase plate 205A transforms linear polarization into circularpolarization and transforms circular polarization into linearpolarization. That is, the phase plate 205A operates as a ¼ wave plate.The function provided by the phase plate 205A is the same as that of thephase plate 205 of FIG. 15A. In a single-beam optical pickup apparatus,only one beam (one wavelength) is used so that the ¼ wave plate in theapparatus may be an ordinary plate. However, in the optical pickupapparatus of the invention, two laser beams of different wavelength areused for writing and reading of information so that the phase plate 205A(205) should function as a ¼ wave plate for both laser beams.

Such a phase plate is implemented as described below.

It is assumed that a difference, caused by a birefringent materialforming the phase plate 205A, between the refraction index for anordinary ray and that of an extraordinary ray is such that thedifference in refraction index is indicated by N₁ for the wavelength λ₁(785 nm) and N₂ for the wavelength λ₂ (650 nm). Assuming that thebirefringent material has a thickness of d, the phase difference betweenthe ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray transmitted through thebirefringent material is equal to ¼ of the wavelength under thefollowing conditions.N ₁ *d=(k ₁+¼)λ₁ ,N ₂ *d=(k ₂+¼)λ₂where k₁ and k₂ indicate integers.

Therefore, by setting the integers k₁ and k₂ so as to satisfy(k₁+¼)λ₁/N₁=(k₂+¼)λ₂/N₂, the thickness d of the phase birefringentmaterial which allows the phase plate to operate as a ¼ wave plate forthe laser beams at the wavelength λ₁ and λ₂.

Such a phase plate may be formed as a vapor-deposited film.

Referring back to FIG. 20A, the laser beam transmitted through thecoupling lens 203 may also be transmitted through a polarizing prismdepending on needs before being converged by an objective lens so as toform a beam spot on a recording surface of the optical recording medium.The laser beam reflected by the recording surface is transmitted throughthe objective lens as a return beam. The return beam is incident on thephase plate 205A via the coupling lens 203. The phase plate 205A returnsthe return beam to a linearly-polarized beam. Since the beam exiting thephase plate 205A is P-polarized with respect to the films 251 and 252,the return is transmitted through the films 251 and 252 irrespective ofthe wavelength and incident on the photosensitive means 1110. As shownin FIG. 20B, the photosensitive means 1110 is constructed as aquadruply-sect elements the vertical axis of which is parallel with thevertical axis of the arrangement of FIG. 20A. Photosensitive surfaces α,β, γ and δ output signals Sα, Sβ, Sγ and Sδ, respectively.

The photosensitive means 1110 is configured such that the return beam isconverged to the center where the quadruple sections meet where thetracking error is zero. Since the coupling lens 203 is an anamorphiclens providing a collimating action in the direction of the major axisof the far field pattern of the laser beam from the light source andproviding a beam shaping action in the direction of the minor axisthereof. Therefore, a astigmatism is produced such that the point ofconvergence of the beam spot converged by the objective lens isdisplaced from the target recording surface. Accordingly, a focus errorsignal may be obtained in the form of (Sα+Sγ)−(Sβ+Sδ) according to thefocusing control based on astigmatism. A tracking error signal may beobtained in the form of (Sβ-Sδ) according to the tracking control basedon a push-pull method or a phase difference method. A readout signal isobtained in the form of (Sα+Sγ+Sβ+Sδ).

The phase plate 205A and the prism element 250 constitute the opticalpath separating means. The photosensitive means 1110 and the couplinglens 203 constitute the detecting means.

The first and second light sources are accommodated in the same packagePK as the other optical elements.

FIG. 21 shows a variation of the optical pickup apparatus of FIG. 15A.

In this variation, a polarizing hologram 240 is provided as the opticalpath separating, means. The coupling lens 203 and the photosensitivemeans 211A constitute the detecting means.

The polarizing hologram 240 is constructed to provide diffraction whenthe direction of polarization of the beam is parallel with a groove ofthe hologram and does not provide diffraction when the direction ofpolarization is perpendicular to the groove.

The beam emitted by the light source 201 or the light source 202 iscollimated and shaped by the coupling lens 203 so that the beam is notsubject to diffraction by the polarizing hologram 240 and is transmittedtherethrough. The beam exiting the polarizing hologram 240 istransformed by the phase plate 205 into a circularly-polarized beam andis incident on the objective lens 207 via the deflecting prism 206, soas to form a beam spot on the recording surface of the optical disk 208Aor the optical disk 208B.

The beam reflected by the recording surface is transmitted through theobjective lens 207 as a return beam. The return beam is reflected by thedeflecting prism 206 and transmitted through the phase plate 205 so asto be transformed into a linearly-polarized beam polarized in anopposite direction of the beam incident on the phase plate 205. The beamexiting the phase plate 205 is diffracted by the polarizing hologram 240and incident on the photosensitive means 211A via the coupling lens 203.

FIG. 25A shows a construction of the polarizing hologram 240. FIG. 25Bshows a construction of the photosensitive means 211A. Referring to FIG.25A, the polarizing hologram 240 comprises three hologram portions 1401,1402 and 1403 providing different diffractive actions. The return beamportion incident on the hologram portion 1401 is incident on a bisectedphotosensitive portion 211A1 of the photosensitive means 211A shown inFIG. 25B. The return beam portions incident on the hologram portions1402 and 1403 are incident on the photosensitive portions 211A2 and211A3, respectively. The incident beams are converged by the couplinglens 203 on respective photosensitive portions.

Straight-edged borders of the hologram portions 1401, 1402 and 1403function as knife edges in the focusing control according to the knifeedge method. The focus error signal for focusing control is formed as adifference between outputs from the respective photosensitive portionsof the bisected photosensitive portions 211A1.

The tracking error signal for tracking control is formed as a differencebetween outputs from the photosensitive portions 211A2 and 211A3. Ofcourse, the readout signal is obtained in the form of a sum of outputsfrom the photosensitive portions 211A1, 211A2 and 211A3.

In the embodiment of FIG. 21, the optical axes of the light sources 201and 202 are not aligned. The three beam spots are incident on thephotosensitive means 211A at difference locations depending on whichlight source is driven. For this reason, an appropriate offset isprovided to the outputs so that a proper signal adapted for the lightsource is obtained.

FIG. 22 shows another variation of the optical pickup apparatus of FIG.15A.

The optical path separating means is composed of the polarizing hologram240 and the phase plate 205A formed to be integral with each other. Thephase plate 205A operates as a ¼ wave plate for the beams havingdifferent wavelength from the first and second light sources.

The optical axes of the beams from the light source 201 and the lightsource 202 are aligned with the optical axis of the coupling lens 203,using the prism element 213′. More specifically, thewavelength-dependent polarization filter characteristic as shown in FIG.18B is used for optical axis alignment. The beam incident on thecoupling lens 203 is collimated and shaped thereby. The beam exiting thecoupling lens 203 is transmitted through the polarizing hologram 240.The beam exiting the polarizing hologram 240 is transformed into acircularly-polarized beam by the phase plate 250 (that includes avapor-deposited film described with reference to FIG. 20A and operatingas a ¼ wave plate for the incident beam). The beam exiting the phaseplate 205 is incident on the objective lens 207 via the deflecting prism207 so as irradiate the optical recording medium (not shown).

The return beam from the optical recording medium is transformed backinto a linearly-polarized beam after being transmitted through the phaseplate 205A. The linearly-polarized beam is diffracted by the polarizinghologram 240 and is converged by the coupling lens 203 so as to beincident on the photosensitive means 211A. The description given abovewith reference to FIGS. 25A and 25B applies to the polarizing hologram240 and the photosensitive means 211A of FIG. 22. The focus errorsignal, the tracking error signal and the readout signal are obtained asalready described with reference to FIG. 25.

FIG. 23 shows still another variation of the optical pickup apparatus ofFIG. 15A.

The optical path separating means is embodied by the polarizing hologram240 having the phase plate 205A and a phase plate 214A integrally formedon respective surfaces of the polarizing hologram 240. The phase plate214A has the function of rotating the plane of polarization of the oneof the beams by 90°. The phase plate 205A operates as a ¼ wave plate forthe beams.

The light source 201 provides the TE-mode emission and the light source202 provides the TM-mode emission. Optical axis alignment is effected bythe prism element 213 described with reference to FIG. 16B.

The beam emitted by the light source 201 or the light source 202 iscollimated and shaped by the collimating lens 203 and incident on thephase plate 214A. The direction of polarization of the beam from thelight source 201 and incident on the phase plate 214 is perpendicular tothat of the beam from the light source 202.

The phase plate 214A operates as a ½ wave plate for one of the beams.More specifically, the phase plate 214A rotates the plate ofpolarization of one of the beams by 90° and maintaining the direction ofpolarization of the other beam. A description will be given below of theconditions to be met in order for the phase plate 214A to provide such afunction.

It is assumed that a difference, caused by a birefringent materialforming the phase plate 214A, between the refraction index for anordinary ray and that of an extraordinary ray is such that thedifference in refraction index is indicated by N₁ for the wavelength λ₁(785 nm) and N₂ for the wavelength λ₂ (650 nm). Assuming that thebirefringent material has a thickness of d, the phase difference betweenthe ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray transmitted through thebirefringent material is equal to the wavelength λ₁ under the followingcondition.N ₁ *d=(k ₁+1)λ₁,where k₁ indicates an integer.The phase difference between the ordinary ray and the extraordinary rayis equal to ½ of the wavelength λ₂ under the following condition.N ₂ *d=(k ₂+½)λ₂where k₂ indicates an integer.

Therefore, by setting the integers k₁ and k₂ so as to satisfy(k₁+1)λ₁/N₁=(k₂+½)λ₂/N₂, the thickness d of the birefringent materialwhich allows the phase plate 214A to operate as a transmitting film forthe beam at the wavelength λ₁ and operate as a ½ wave plate for the beamat the wavelength λ₂. Such a phase plate may be formed as avapor-deposited film.

The beams from the light sources 201 and 202 are transmitted through thepolarizing hologram 240 without being subject to the diffractive actionprovided thereby. The beam exiting the polarizing hologram 240 istransformed by the phase plate 205A into a circularly-polarized beam andcaused to irradiate the recording surface of the optical disk via thedeflecting prism and the objective lens (not shown).

The return beam is transformed back into a linearly-polarized beam,diffracted by the polarizing hologram 240 and transmitted through thephase plate 214A. The beam exiting the phase plate 214A is incident onthe photosensitive means 211A via the coupling lens 203 so as to producesignals. The description given already with reference to FIGS. 25A and25B is applied to the polarizing hologram 240 and the photosensitivemeans 211A.

The phase plates 205A and 214A can be formed as vapor-deposited films.Magnesium fluoride (MgF₂) may be suitably used to construct such a film.

FIG. 24 shows yet another variation of the optical pickup apparatus ofFIG. 15A. A photosensitive means 211A′ receiving the return beam splitby the optical path separating means and retrieving informationtherefrom is accommodated in the same package PK1 as the first andsecond light sources 201 and 202. The optical path separating meanscomprises a polarizing hologram 240′ and a phase plate 205A′. The phaseplate 205A′ operates as a ¼ wave plate for the beams. The optical pathmeans is accommodated in the same package PK1 as the photosensitivemeans 211A′ and the first and second light sources 201 and 202.

As described above, the polarizing hologram 240′ and the phase plate205A′ may be disposed between the light sources and the coupling lens203. The description already given with reference to FIGS. 25A and 25Bapplies to the polarizing hologram 240′ and the photosensitive means211A′. With the construction as shown in FIG. 24, a compact opticalpickup apparatus results by accommodating the light sources, the opticalpath separating means and the detecting means in the same package.

A variation of the optical pickup apparatus of FIG. 24 may be produced.More specifically, the optical axes of the beams from the light sources201 and 202 may be aligned using the method already described. Thepolarizing hologram 240′ may have an integral phase plate that operatesas a ½ wave plate for one of the beams by rotating the plane ofpolarization by 90° and maintains the direction of polarization for theother beam.

A description will now be given of the aspects of the present inventiondirected to beam shaping.

FIG. 26A shows an optical pickup apparatus according to a sixthembodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 26A, the opticalpickup apparatus comprises a first light source (LD) 301 and a secondlight source (LD) 302. The first light source 301 is a semiconductorlaser emitting a laser beam at a wavelength of 785 nm and the secondlight source 302 is also a semiconductor laser emitting a laser beam ata wavelength of 650 nm. The wavelength varies from laser to laser andalso varies with temperature so that the actual wavelength may bevariable by ±20 nm around the aforementioned wavelength.

The optical pickup apparatus further comprises a low-capacity opticaldisk 310 having a base thickness of 1.2 mm and a high-capacity opticaldisk 309 having a base thickness of 0.6 mm. For the purpose ofdescription, the low-capacity optical disk 310 and the high-capacityoptical disk 309 are illustrated to overlap each other.

The first light source 301 is driven when a writing operation or areading operation (or a deletion operation) is performed in thelow-capacity optical disk 310. A laser beam from the light source 301 istransmitted through a coupling lens 303, a beam shaping hologram element304 and a beam splitter 305. The laser beam is then reflected by adeflecting prism 307 and incident on an objective lens 308. Theobjective lens 308 converges the incident beam. The converged beam istransmitted through the base of the low-capacity optical disk 310 so asto form a beam spot on a recording surface. The beam reflected by therecording surface is transmitted through the objective lens 308 andproceeds as a return beam. The return beam is reflected by thedeflecting prism 307, transmitted through the beam splitter 305,reflected by the beam splitter 305, transmitted through a converginglens 311 and a cylindrical lens 312, and incident on a photosensitivemeans 313.

The light source 302 is driven when a writing operation or a readingoperation (or a deletion operation) is performed in the high-capacityoptical disk 309. A laser beam emitted by the light source 302 istransmitted through the coupling lens 303, the beam shaping hologram 304and the beam splitter 305. The laser beam is then reflected by thedeflecting prism 307 and incident on the objective lens 308. Theobjective lens 308 converges the incident beam. The converged beam istransmitted through the base of the high-capacity optical disk 309 so asto form a beam spot on a recording surface. The beam reflected by therecording surface is transmitted through the objective lens 308 andproceeds as a return beam. The return beam is reflected by thedeflecting prism 307, transmitted through the beam splitter 305,reflected by the beam splitter 305, transmitted through the converginglens 311 and the cylindrical lens 312, and incident on a photosensitivemeans 313.

Irrespective of whether the optical disk 310 or the optical disk 309 isused, the return beam reflected by the beam splitter 305 is converged bythe converging lens 311 and supplied by the cylindrical lens 312 withastigmatism before entering the photosensitive means 313. In thephotosensitive means 313, a focus error signal is produced by a knownmethod based on astigmatism and a tracking error signal is produced by aknown method based on a phase difference. A servo controlling system(such as a microcomputer or a CPU not shown) 316 performs focusingcontrol and tracking control based on the focus error signal and thetracking error signal, respectively. The photosensitive means 313 alsooutputs a readout signal.

The beam splitter 305 constitutes the optical path separating meansprovided for both the beam from the light source 301 and the beam fromthe light source 302. The converging lens 311, the cylindrical lens 312and the photosensitive means 313 constitute the detecting means providedfor both the beam from the light source 301 and the beam from the lightsource 302. The servo control system 316 constitutes the control means.A single lens having a convex spherical surface and a convex cylindricalsurface may be used to replace the converging lens 311 and thecylindrical lens 312. The focusing control may alternatively performedusing a known knife edge method or the like instead of the astigmatismmethod. The tracking control may alternatively performed using apush-pull method or another appropriate known method. The detectingmeans may appropriately constructed depending on which of these methodsare employed to perform the focusing control and the tracking control.

Referring to FIG. 26A, the beam from the light source 301 or the lightsource 302 is reflected by the beam splitter 305 on its way to theoptical disk and converged on a photosensitive means 315 via aconverging lens 314. The photosensitive means 315 is provided to monitoran output of the light source. The output of the light sources iscontrolled in accordance with the output from the photosensitive means315. When the output of the light source 301 or the light source 302 iscontrolled by monitoring the rear output of the light source, theconverging lens 314 and the photosensitive means 315 are not necessary.However, the output control as shown in FIG. 26A using the converginglens 314 and the photosensitive means 315 enables a proper outputcontrol not affected by the return beam (in the optical arrangement ofFIG. 26A, a portion of the return beam returns to the light source 301or the light source 302). In order to avoid messiness in FIG. 26A,refraction of the beam due to the lens is neglected and the beam isdepicted as a straight line. The coupling action of the coupling lens303 is a collimating action with respect to the beam from the lightsource 301 or the light source 302.

FIG. 26B shows a laser beam emitted by the light source (the lightsource 301 or the light source 302). The laser beam emitted by the lightsource is divergent. Assuming that the direction parallel with theactive layer 301A is the X direction and the direction perpendicular tothe active layer 301A is the Y direction, the far field pattern of theemitted laser beam is elliptical such that the major axis of the ellipseis parallel with the Y direction. The direction of polarization of thelaser beam emitted by the light source 301 or the light source 302 isdefined as a direction of oscillation of the electric field of laserbeam. The direction of oscillation may be parallel with the X directionor the Y direction. In semiconductor lasers generally available, thedirection of polarization is parallel with the X direction. Since theoscillation of the electric field is parallel with the active layer301A, such a semiconductor laser is described as providing a TE emissionmode. When the direction of polarization is parallel with the Ydirection, the direction of oscillation of the magnetic field of thelaser beam is parallel with the active layer 301A. Such a semiconductorlaser is described as providing a TM emission mode. A knownsemiconductor laser light source operated in the TM emission mode emitsa beam at a wavelength of 635 nm.

The beam shaping hologram element 304 in the embodiment of FIG. 26Aprovides the following functions.

Assuming that the direction of the major axis of the far field patternof the beam emitted by the light source 301 or the light source 302 isdefined as the Y direction and the direction of the minor axis thereofof is defined as the X direction, as shown in FIG. 26B, the divergentbeam emitted by the light source 301 or the light source 302 is coupledby the coupling lens 303 so as to be transformed into a parallel beam.The coupling lens 303 couples substantially the entirety of the beamfrom the light source 301 or the light source 302. Thus, the spatialintensity profile of the coupled beam has an elliptical patterncommensurate with the far field pattern. Thus, the major axis of thatelliptical pattern matches the Y direction and the minor axis thereofmatches the X direction. The parallel beam is incident on the beamshaping hologram element 304.

As shown in FIG. 26C, the beam shaping hologram element 304 transmitsthe incident beam in the Y direction. Accordingly, the beam diameterD_(B) in the Y direction for a given intensity remains unchanged beforeand after the beam shaping hologram element 304. With regard to the Xdirection, the beam shaping hologram element 304 expands the incidentbeam diameter D_(X1) for a given intensity to the exiting beam diameterD_(X2).

The ratio between the minimum angle of divergence and the maximum angleof divergence of the laser beam emitted by the semiconductor laserdepends on the type of the semiconductor laser. Typically, the ratio isin a range between 1:2 and 1:4.

The elliptical section of the beam from the light source 301 coupled bythe coupling lens 303 and turned into a parallel beam is not necessarilythe same as the corresponding section of the beam from the light source302. Accordingly, the beam shaping hologram element 304 is controlled sothat the diameters D_(B) and D_(x2) are substantially identical for thebeams from the light sources 301 and 302.

As described above, the beam shaping hologram element 304 has the beamshaping function of converting the elliptical intensity profile of thebeam from the light source 301 and the beam from the light source 302into a circular profile. With such a beam shaping function, the beamtransmitted through the beam shaping hologram element 304 has asubstantially circular intensity profile, causing a substantiallycircular beam spot to be formed on the recording surface of the opticaldisk. Accordingly, high-capacity recording and reproduction can result.The beam shaping hologram element 304 requires less space than a priorart arrangement using a prism pair or a cylindrical lens. It is alsoeasy to control the location of the beam shaping hologram 304. By usingthe beam shaping hologram element 304, a compact optical pickupapparatus can be produced.

Chromatic aberration produced in the coupling lens 303 due to adifference in wavelength of the beams from the light sources 301 and 302does not pose a serious problem in practical applications. Of course,the coupling lens 303 may be formed as a junction lens formed by twolenses having different Abbe's number in order to correct the chromaticaberration.

The optical pickup apparatus of FIG. 26A is compatible with a firstoptical recording medium 310 adapted for a first wavelength for writingand reading and a second optical recording medium 309 adapted for asecond wavelength for writing and reading. The apparatus of FIG. 26Acomprises: a first light source 301 emitting a first beam at the firstwavelength; a second light source 302 emitting a second beam at thesecond wavelength; a coupling lens 303 for coupling one of the firstbeam and the second beam; an objective lens 308 for converging thecoupled beam so as to form a beam spot on a recording surface of one ofthe first optical recording medium and the second optical recordingmedium; an optical path separating means 305 for separating an opticalpath of a return beam reflected by the optical recording medium (309,310) and transmitted through the objective lens 308, from an upstreamoptical path leading from the light source (309, 310) to the objectivelens 308, the optical path separating means 305 being provided inalignment with both an upstream beam traveling to the recording surfaceand the return beam; detecting means 11, 12 and 13 for receiving thereturn beam separated by the optical path separating means 305 so as toretrieve information from the return beam, the detecting means beingprovided in alignment with both the upstream beam and the return beamand including photosensitive means; control means for effecting focusingcontrol and tracking control based on a result of detection by thedetecting means, a beam shaping hologram element 304 for transforming anelliptical intensity profile of the first beam and the second beam intoa circular profile, wherein the first light source is driven only whenthe first optical recording medium 310 is used, the second light sourceis driven only when the second optical recording medium 309 is used.

The beam splitter 305 is used to embody the optical path separatingmeans in the embodiment of FIG. 26A. However, this does not provide asatisfactorily high level of efficiency in using the beam.

FIG. 27 shows a variation of the optical pickup apparatus of FIG. 26A.In order to avoid messiness, those components that are similar to thecorresponding components of FIG. 26A are designated by the samereference numeral. A difference between the apparatus of FIG. 26A andthat of FIG. 27 is that the polarizing beam splitter 305A and the phaseplate 306 are used to embody the optical path separating means.

The laser beam emitted by the light source 301 or the light source 302is transformed by the coupling lens 303 into a parallel beam. Theparallel beam is subject to beam shaping by the beam shaping hologramelement 304 and incident on the polarizing beam splitter. The lightsources 301 and 302 operate in the same emission mode. The direction ofpolarization of the emitted beam is parallel with the surface of thepaper. The emitted beam is P-polarized with respect to the polarizationfilter film of the polarizing beam splitter 305A. Therefore, the laserbeam from the light source is transmitted through the polarizing beamsplitter 305A. The beam transmitted through the polarizing beam splitter305A is then transmitted through the phase plate 306 which transformsthe transmitted beam from a linearly-polarized beam into acircularly-polarized beam. The beam exiting the phase plate 306 isdeflected by the deflecting prism 307 and converged by the objectivelens 308 so as to form a beam spot on the recording surface of theoptical disk 309 (in case the light source 302 is driven) or the opticaldisk 310 (in case the light source 301 is driven). The beam reflected bythe recording surface is transmitted through the objective lens 308 andproceeds as a return beam. The return beam is reflected by thedeflecting prism 307 and transmitted through the phase plate 306 so asto be transformed into a linearly-polarized beam polarized in adirection perpendicular to the direction of polarization of the beam onan upstream path. The linearly-polarized beam is incident on thepolarizing beam splitter 305A. The beam incident on the polarizing beamsplitter 305A is S-polarized so that the beam is reflected by thepolarizing beam splitter 305A and incident on the photosensitive means313 via the converging lens 311 and the cylindrical lens 312.

In this construction, the polarizing beam splitter 305A transmitssubstantially 100% of the P-polarized beam and reflects substantially100% so that the efficiency in using the beam is high. Particularly,since the beam shaping hologram element 304 effects beam shaping suchthat substantially the entirety of the beam from the light source isused for writing, reading and deletion, the efficiency in using the beamis significantly improved over that of the prior art. The polarizingbeam splitter 305A cannot separate the beam for monitoring purpose sothat the output control of the light sources is performed by monitoringthe rear output of the light sources.

The phase 306 functions as a ¼ wave plate for the beams at differentwavelength from the light sources 301 and 302. Such a phase plate isimplemented as described below.

It is assumed that the refractive index provided by a birefringentmaterial forming the phase plate 306 with respect to the ordinary ray ata wavelength λ₁ (785 nm in the example assumed in the description) isindicated by N₀₁ and that of the extraordinary ray is indicated byN_(E1). The refractive index with respect to the ordinary ray at awavelength λ₂ (650 nm in the example assumed in the description) isindicated by N₀₂ and that of the extraordinary ray is, indicated byN_(E2). Assuming that the thickness of the birefringent material isindicated by d, a phase difference δ(λ₁) between the ordinary ray andthe extraordinary ray at λ₁ transmitted through the birefringentmaterial and a phase difference δ(λ₂) at λ₂ are given byδ(λ₁)=(2π/λ₁)(N ₀₁ −N _(E1))dδ(λ₂)=(2π/λ₂)(N ₀₂ −N _(E2))dIn order for the birefringent material layer to act as a ¼ wave platefor the beams at different wavelength, the thickness d should bedetermined so as to meet the following condition.δ(λ₁)=(2n+1)δ(λ₂)=(2N+1)(π/2)where n and N indicate natural numbers. The birefringent material may belithium niobate (LiNbO₃). Alternatively, the phase plate may be formedas a vapor-deposited phase difference film formed of magnesium fluoride(MgF₂).

Thus, the optical pickup apparatus of FIG. 27 is provided with the phaseplate 306 that provide a predetermined phase difference (¼ of thewavelength) to the beams from the light sources 301 and 302.

In the apparatus of FIG. 27, the light sources 301 and 302 operate inthe same emission mode. Alternatively, the light sources 301 and 302 mayoperate in difference emission modes.

FIG. 28 shows another variation of the optical pickup apparatus of FIG.26A including such light sources.

The light source 301 emits at a wavelength 785 nm in the TE emissionmode. The light source 302 emits at a wavelength 635 nm in the TMemission mode. In this case, the high-capacity optical disk 310 must becompatible with the wavelength 635 nm.

The difference between the TE emission mode and the TM emission moderesides in the direction of polarization with respect to the directionof the major axis of the far field pattern. As described with referenceto FIG. 26B, assuming that the direction of the major axis of the farfield pattern FF is the Y direction, the direction of polarization inthe TE emission mode is the X direction and that in the TM emission modeis the Y direction. Referring to FIG. 28, by orienting the direction ofthe major axis of the far field pattern so as to align the directionperpendicular to the paper, the laser beam from the light source 302should have the plane of polarization thereof rotated by 90° beforebeing incident on the polarizing beam splitter 305A because the laserbeam from the light source 302 emitting in the TM emission mode isS-polarized with respect to the polarization filter film of thepolarizing beam splitter 305A.

A phase plate 306B integrally coupled to the beam shaping hologramelement 304 performs the above-mentioned orientation. The phase plate306B produces a phase difference, which is an integral multiple of thewavelength, to the beam from the light source 301 and produces a phasedifference, which is half of an integral multiple of the wavelength, tothe beam from the light source 302. Due to such an optical performance,only the beam from the light source 302 has the direction ofpolarization thereof rotated by 90° when transmitted through the phaseplate 306B. With this, the beam from the light source 302 can betransmitted through the polarizing beam splitter 305A. The operation ofthe elements constituting the apparatus of FIG. 28 is the same as theoperation of the corresponding elements of FIG. 27.

Thus, the optical pickup apparatus shown in FIG. 28 is provided thephase plates 306 and 306B which provide respective phase differences tothe beam from the light source 301 or the light source 302. The phaseplate 306B provides a phase difference, which is half an integralmultiple of the wavelength, to the beam from one of the light sourcesand provides a phase difference, which is an integral multiple of thewavelength, to the beam from the other light source.

The beam shaping hologram element 304 used in the apparatus shown inFIGS. 26A, 27 and 28 may be an ordinary hologram element. Alternatively,the beam shaping hologram element 304 may be a polarizing hologram.

The phase plate 306B of the apparatus of FIG. 28 transmits the beam fromthe light source 301 while maintaining the direction of polarizationthereof and acts as a ½ wave plate for the beam from the light source302. Such a phase plate is implemented as described below.

It is assumed that the refractive index provided by a birefringentmaterial forming the phase plate 306B with respect to the ordinary rayat a wavelength λ₁ (785 nm in the example assumed in the description) isindicated by N₀₁ and that of the extraordinary ray is indicated byN_(E1). The refractive index with respect to the ordinary ray at awavelength λ₂ (635 nm in the example assumed in the description) isindicated by N₀₂ and that of the extraordinary ray is indicated byN_(E2). Assuming that the thickness of the birefringent material isindicated by d, a phase difference δ(λ₁) between the ordinary ray andthe extraordinary ray at λ₁ transmitted through the birefringentmaterial and a phase difference δ(λ₂) at λ₂ are given byδ(λ₁)=(2π/λ₁)(N ₀₁ −N _(E1))dδ(λ₂)=(2π/λ₂)(N ₀₂ −N _(E2))dIn order for the birefringent material layer to act as a λ plate for thebeam at the wavelength 785 nm and as a ½ wave plate for the beam at thewavelength 635 nm, the thickness d should be determined so as to meetthe following conditions.δ(λ₁)=2Nπ, δ(λ₂)=(2n+1)πThe birefringent material may be lithium niobate (LiNbO₃).Alternatively, the phase plate may be formed as a vapor-deposited phasedifference film formed of magnesium fluoride (MgF₂). It is assumed thatthe MgF₂ film is used in the apparatus of FIG. 28.

Of course, the phase plate 306B of FIG. 28 may be constructed so as tooperate as a λ/2 plate for the beam from the light source 301 and as a λplate for the beam from the light source 302.

FIG. 29A shows still another variation of the optical apparatus of FIG.26A. A polarizing hologram is used to embody a beam shaping hologramelement 304A. The optical path separating means is embodied by anoptical path separating hologram element 305B of the polarizinghologram. A phase plate 306A provides a predetermined phase difference(an odd multiple of 90°) to the beams from the light sources 301 and thelight source 302.

The polarizing hologram is characterized by a variable optical actionthat depends on the polarization of the incident beam. Assuming that thelight sources 301 and 302 are operated in the same emission mode and thedirection of polarization of the beams is parallel with the paper, thebeam shaping hologram element 304A embodied by the polarizing hologramacts as a beam shaping hologram for the beam polarized in a directionparallel with the paper but does not act as a beam shaping hologram forthe beam polarized in a direction perpendicular to the paper. That is,the latter beam is transmitted through the beam shaping hologram element304A.

In contrast, the optical path separating hologram element 305B formed bythe polarizing hologram transmits the beam polarized in a directionparallel with the paper and provides a diffractive action to the beampolarized in a direction perpendicular to the paper.

Therefore, when the beam from the light source 301 or the light source302 is transformed into a parallel beam by the coupling lens 303, thebeam is shaped by the beam shaping hologram element 304A and transmittedthrough the optical path separating hologram element 305B. The beam fromthe optical path separating hologram element 305B is transformed into acircularly-polarized beam by the phase plate 306A (acting as a λ/4 platefor the beams from the light sources 301 and 302). The beam exiting thephase plate 306A is illuminate the optical disk 309 or the optical disk310 via the deflecting prism 307 and the objective lens 308.

The return beam transmitted through the phase plate 306 a is polarizedin a direction perpendicular to the beam on an upstream path (that is,in a direction perpendicular to the paper). The beam from the phaseplate 306A is subject to a hologram action of the optical pathseparating hologram element 305B so as to be deflected toward aphotosensitive means 313A. The coupling lens 303 converges the beam onthe photosensitive means 313A.

Referring to FIG. 29B, the optical path separating hologram element 305Bimplemented by the polarizing hologram comprises three hologram portions351, 352 and 353 providing different diffractive actions. The returnbeam portion incident on the hologram portion 351 is incident on abisected photosensitive portion 313A1 of the photosensitive means 313Ashown in FIG. 29C. The return beam portions incident on the hologramportions 352 and 353 are incident on the photosensitive portions 313A2and 313A3, respectively. The incident beams are converged by thecoupling lens 303 on respective photosensitive portions.

Straight-edged borders of the hologram portions 351, 352 and 353 of theoptical path separating hologram element 305B function as knife edges inthe focusing control according to the knife edge method. The focus errorsignal for focusing control is formed as a difference between outputsfrom the respective photosensitive portions of the bisectedphotosensitive portions 313A1.

The tracking error signal for tracking control is formed as a differencebetween outputs from the photosensitive portions 313A2 and 313A3. Ofcourse, the readout signal is obtained in the form of a sum (or aportion thereof) of outputs from the photosensitive portions 313A1,313A2 and 313A3.

In the apparatus of FIG. 29A, it is assumed that the light sources 301and 302 operate in the same emission mode. If one of the light sources301 and 302 is operated in the TE emission mode and the other isoperated in the TM emission mode, the phase plate 306B is constructed tooperate as a λ plate for one of the beams and as a λ/2 plate for theother beam so that the beams from the light sources 301 and 302 arepolarized in the same direction before being incident on the beamshaping hologram element 304A. The phase plate 306B thus constructed isprovided to precede the beam shaping hologram element 304A and face thelight sources, as shown in FIG. 29D. Alternatively, as shown in FIG.29E, the phase plate 306B, the beam shaping hologram element 304A, theoptical path separating hologram element 305B and the phase plate 306Amay be integrally formed.

In the construction of FIGS. 29D and 29E, the beam shaping hologramelement 304A and the optical path separating hologram element 305B areembodied by polarizing holograms. The phase plates 306A and 306B areformed to be integral with the polarizing holograms.

Referring back to FIGS. 26A, 27, 28 and 29A, the coupling lens 303 ofcollimates the beams from the light sources 301 and 302, and thehologram element is disposed at a position at which the beam from thelight source 301 or the light source 302 is transformed into a parallelbeam.

The beam shaping function of the beam shaping hologram element of theinvention is defined as transforming an elliptical intensity profile ofthe beams from the first and second light sources into a generallycircular profile. Therefore, the beam shaping hologram element may notnecessarily be disposed at a position at which the beam from the lightsource is transformed into a parallel beam. The same is true of thelocation of the optical path separating hologram element.

FIG. 30 shows yet another variation of the optical pickup apparatus ofFIG. 26A. Hologram elements (polarizing holograms) including a beamshaping hologram element 304 a and an optical path separating hologramelement 305 b are formed to be integral with each other and disposed onan optical path leading from the first and second light sources 301 and302 to the coupling lens 303. The hologram elements are also formed tobe integral with a phase plate 306 a operating as a λ/4 plate for thebeam from the light source. The phase plate 306 a is formed to beintegral with the optical path separating hologram element 305 b in theform of a vapor-deposited phase difference film.

In the optical pickup apparatus of FIG. 30, the diverging laser beamfrom the light source 301 or the light source 302 is incident on thebeam shaping hologram element 304 a for beam shaping. The beam shapingaction is such that the angle of divergence in the direction (Xdirection) of the major axis of the far field pattern FF shown in FIG.26B is increased so as to approach the angle of divergence in thedirection (Y direction) of the major axis. As a result of beam shaping,the beam has a generally circular intensity profile so as to form acircular or a nearly-circular elliptical beam spot on the recordingsurface of the optical disk.

The return beam transmitted through the coupling lens 303 and convergedthereby is then transmitted through the phase plate 306 a so as to betransformed into a linearly-polarized beam polarized in a direction atright angles with the beam on an upstream path. Due to the diffractiveaction provided by the optical path separating hologram element 305 b,the optical path of the return beam is separated from the upstreamoptical path. That is, the return beam is transmitted through the beamshaping hologram element 304 a without being subject to the diffractiveaction thereby and is converged on the photosensitive means 313 a.

Since the optical path separation occurs in the neighborhood of thelight sources 301 and 302, the photosensitive means 313 a may bedisposed in the neighborhood of the light sources 301 and 302. Thedescription already given with reference to FIGS. 29B and 29C applies tothe optical path separating hologram element 305 b and thephotosensitive means 313 a. When the light sources 301 and 302 differ inemission mode (that is, when one of the light sources is operated in theTE emission mode and the other in the TM emission mode), a phase plate(similar to the phase plate 306B) operating as a λ plate for the beamfrom one of the light sources and as a λ/2 plate for the other beam maybe provided adjacent to the beam shaping hologram element 304 a so as toface the light sources. Of course, such a phase plate may be formed as avapor-deposited phase difference film on the beam shaping hologramelement 304 a.

Referring back to FIGS. 26A, 27, 28, 29A and 30, the interval betweenthe light sources 301 and 302 is shown with an exaggeration. Inpractice, the light sources 301 and 302 are provided close to eachother. As shown in FIG. 31A, the light sources 301 and 302 may beaccommodated in the same can CN.

The light sources as shown in FIG. 31A can be used in any of theapparatus described with reference to FIGS. 26A-30.

FIG. 31B shows an arrangement wherein the light sources 301 and 302, anda photosensitive means 1130 are accommodated in the same can CN. Theconstruction of FIG. 31B may be applied to the apparatus of FIGS. 29Aand 30.

FIG. 31C shows an arrangement wherein the light sources 301 and 302, anda photosensitive means 1130 a are accommodated in the same can CN.Moreover, a hologram element (the beam shaping hologram element 304 aand the optical path separating hologram element 305 b) and the phaseplate 306 a are formed to be integral with the can CN. With thisconstruction, a compact optical pickup apparatus results.

In the apparatus described with reference to FIG. 26A-31C, the opticalaxes of the laser beams from the light sources 301 and 302 do not matchso that the location at which the return beam originating in the lightsource 301 is incident on the photosensitive means is different fromthat of the return beam originating in the light source 302. For thisreason, it is necessary to provide an offset, commensurate with adisplacement of the locations of incidence, to the focus error signaland the tracking error signal or to provide a photosensitive meansindependently for each return beam. Alternatively, the location of thephotosensitive portion of the photosensitive means may be controlleddepending on whether the light source 301 or the light source 302 isdriven so as to ensure that the return beam is incident on the properlocation of the photosensitive means 313.

In order to avoid the cumbersomeness of the above-described arrangement,an optical axis aligning means for aligning the optical axes of thebeams from the light sources 301 and 302 with the optical axis of thecoupling lens, and for aligning the orientation of the far-fieldpatterns of the beams may be provided. Any of a variety of such opticalaxis aligning means for a variety of optical apparatuses may beappropriately used for the apparatus of the present invention. Fourexamples of the optical axis aligning means will be described below.

FIG. 32A shows an arrangement wherein the optical axes of the laserbeams from the light sources 301 and 302 are aligned using a combinationprism 1120. The combination prism 1120 is provided with a separationfilm 1121 which transmits substantially the entirety of the laser beamfrom the light source 301 and reflects substantially the entirety of thelaser beam from the light source 302.

The separation film 1121 has a variety of implementations.

Considering the fact that the light sources 301 and 302 differ inwavelength at which emission occurs, a known dichroic filter film may beused to implement the separation film 1121. Assuming that the emissionwavelength of the light source 301 is 785 nm and the emission wavelengthof the light source 302 is 650 nm, the optical characteristic of thedichroic film may be controlled to transmit the beam at the wavelength785 nm and reflect the beam at the wavelength 650 nm.

The separation film 1121 may be implemented by a polarizing separationfilm. In this case, the combination prism 1120 is a polarizing beamsplitter. For example, if the light source 301 is operated in the TEemission mode and emits a laser beam polarized on a plane parallel withthe paper and if the light source 302 is operated in the TM emissionmode and emits a laser beam polarized on a plane perpendicular to thepaper, the laser beam from the light source 301 is transmitted throughthe separation film 1121 and the laser beam from the light source 302 isreflected by the separation film 1121. Accordingly, the optical axes ofthe laser beams from the light sources are aligned with the optical axisof the coupling lens such that the far field pattern of the beams havethe same orientation (in this case, the direction of the major axis ofthe far field pattern is perpendicular to the paper).

FIG. 32B shows another optical axis aligning means adapted for anarrangement wherein the light sources 301 and 302 are operated in thesame emission mode (for example, the TE emission mode). The optical axisaligning means is implemented by a combination of a polarizing beamsplitter 1120A and a phase plate 314 a 1 formed to be integral with eachother. When the light sources 301 and 302 are arranged so that thedirection of the minor axis of the far field pattern of the laser beamsfrom the light sources 301 and 302 is perpendicular to the paper, thelaser beams are polarized in a direction perpendicular to the paper. Thephase plate 314 a 1 operating as a λ/2 plate rotates the direction ofpolarization of the laser beam from the light source 301 by 90°. Withthis construction, the laser beam from the light source 301 istransmitted through the polarizing separation film 1121A and the laserbeam from the light source 302 is reflected by the polarizing separationfilm 1121A. Thus, the optical axes of the beams from the light sourcesare aligned with the optical axis of the coupling lens such that the farfield patterns of the beams have the same orientation.

The separation film 1121 of the combination prism 1120 of FIG. 32A mayhave a wavelength-dependent polarization filter characteristic as shownin FIG. 32C so as to implement the optical axis aligning means. Assumingthat the light source 301 emits at a wavelength of 785 nm and the lightsource 302 emits at a wavelength of 650 nm, and assuming that theS-polarized laser beam from the light source 301 or 302 is incident onthe separation film, substantially 100% of the laser beam from the lightsource 301 (wavelength: 785 nm) is reflected by the separation film andsubstantially 100% of the beam from the light source 302 (wavelength:650 nm) is transmitted through the separation film. By constructing thecombination prism 1120 of FIG. 32A so as to have thewavelength-dependent polarization filter characteristic as shown in FIG.32C, by exchanging the locations of the light sources 301 and 302 inFIG. 32A, and by ensuring that the laser beams from the light sources301 and 302 are S-polarized with respect to the separation film 1121(this arrangement corresponds to controlling the direction of the majoraxis of the far field pattern of the beams from the light sourcesoperated in the same emission mode to be parallel with each other), theoptical axes of the beams from the light sources are aligned with theoptical axis of the coupling lens such that the far field patterns ofthe beams have the same orientation.

Any other known method may be used to align the optical axes of thebeams from the light sources 301 and 302.

FIG. 33 shows a construction of the optical axis aligning meansaccording to a variation. The first and second light sources 301 and 302are accommodated in the same can CN1. The combination prism 1120embodying the optical axis aligning means described with reference toFIG. 32A is provided in the can CN1. Such a light source package may beused as a light source unit for the apparatus described with referenceto FIGS. 26A-30. In addition to the light sources 301, 302 and theoptical axis aligning means 1121, the photosensitive portions of thedetecting means may be provided in the can CN1. Such a construction canbe used as a combined light source and photosensitive means unit for theapparatuses as shown in FIGS. 29A and 30. The hologram element and thephase plate may be formed to be integral with the can CN1, as shown inFIG. 31C. Of course, the optical axis aligning means of anotherimplementation may be provided in the can.

The present invention is not limited to the above described embodiments,and variations and modifications may be made without departing from thescope of the present invention.

1. An optical pickup apparatus compatible with a first optical recordingmedium adapted for a first wavelength for writing and reading and asecond optical recording medium adapted for a second wavelength forwriting and reading, comprising: a first light source emitting a firstbeam at the first wavelength; a second light source emitting a secondbeam at the second wavelength; a coupling lens for coupling one of thefirst beam and the second beam; an objective lens for converging thecoupled beam so as to form a beam spot on a recording surface of one ofthe first optical recording medium and the second optical recordingmedium; optical path separating means for separating a return beamreflected by the optical recording medium and transmitted through theobjective lens, from an upstream optical path leading from the lightsource to the objective lens, the optical path separating means beingprovided in alignment with both an upstream beam traveling to therecording surface and the return beam; detecting means for receiving thereturn beam separated by the optical path separating means so as toretrieve information from the return beam, the detecting means beingprovided in alignment with both the upstream beam and the return beamand including photosensitive means; and control means for effectingfocusing control and tracking control based on a result of detection bythe detecting means, wherein: the first light source is driven only whenthe first optical recording medium is used, the second light source isdriven only when the second optical recording medium is used, thecoupling lens comprises an anamorphic lens which provides a beam shapingfunction for shaping one of the first beam and the second beam, theshaping including less expansion in a direction in which an angle ofdivergence with respect to intensity of the beam from the light sourceis maximum and more expansion in a direction in which the angle ofdivergence is minimum, and wherein the coupling lens is provided with acollimating function for collimating one of the first beam and thesecond beam, the coupling lens being a single lens that provides thecollimating function and the beam shaping function.
 2. The opticalpickup apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: optical axisaligning means for aligning optical axes of the first beam and thesecond beam with an optical axis of the coupling lens.
 3. The opticalpickup apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the optical axisaligning means comprises a prism element having a one of variabletransmissivity and a variable reflectivity that depends on a wavelengthof the beam.
 4. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 1, thefirst and second light sources are accommodated in the same package. 5.The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the firstlight source emits a beam at a wavelength of 785 nm, the second lightsource emits a beam at a wavelength of 650 nm, the first opticalrecording medium is a low-capacity optical disk having a base thicknessof 1.2 mm and the second optical recording medium is a high-capacityoptical disk having a base thickness of 0.6 mm.
 6. The optical pickupapparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein one of the first light sourceand the second light source provides a TE-mode emission and the otherlight source provides a TM-mode emission.